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k/b final
kinesiology/biomechanics
| Question | Answer | aka | actions | ex |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kinesiology | the study of motion or human movement | |||
| biomechanics | the study of mechanical forces as they relate to functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems | |||
| structural kinesiology | the study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement; involves skeletal and muscular structures whose sizes and shapes allow or limit movement | |||
| anatomical position | standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, with palms facing forward; most commonly used | |||
| fundamental position | standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, with palms facing the body and arms at the side | |||
| volar | relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot | |||
| sagittal plane | divides the body into equal, bilateral segments (right and left halves) | anteroposterior plane (ap) | ||
| frontal plane | divides the body into anterior and posterior segments (front and back halves) | lateral or coronal plane | ||
| transverse plane | divides the body into superior and inferior segments in anatomical position (top and bottom halves) | axial or horizontal plane | ||
| frontal axis | runs medial to lateral. runs from side to side at a right angle to the sagittal plane of motion (parallel to the frontal plane of motion) | coronal, lateral, or mediolateral axis | flexion and extension movements | |
| sagittal axis | runs anterior to posterior. runs from front to back at a right angle to the frontal plane of motion (parallel to the sagittal plane of motion) | anteroposterior axis | abduction and adduction movements | |
| vertical axis | runs superior to inferior. runs straight down through top or head and is at a right angle to the transverse plane of motion | long or longitudinal axis | internal rotation and external rotation movements | |
| diarthrodial joints | sleevelike joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity | synovial or freely moveable joint | ||
| ginglymus joint | uniaxial articulation that allows movement in only one plane | hinge joint | elbow or knee | |
| trochoid joint | uniaxial articulation | pivot joint | ||
| condyloid joint | biaxial ball and socket joint, concave meets convex | knuckle joint | metacarpal-phalanx | |
| enarthrodial joint | multiaxial or triaxial ball and socket joint, round head meets concave | (true) ball and socket joint | hip and shoulder joints | |
| sellar joint | unique triaxial joint with reciprocally concave and convex | saddle joint | ||
| circumduction | circular movement that delineates an arc or describes a cone | circumflexion | flexion, extension, abduction and adduction | |
| pronation | internal rotation of the radius resulting in a palm-down forearm or the combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion and forefoot abduction | |||
| supination | external rotation of the radius resulting in a palm-up forearm or the combination of plantar flexion, subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction | pigeontoe | ||
| lateral flexion | movement of head and or trunk laterally away from midline | abduction of the spine | ||
| reduction | return of spinal column to anatomical position from lateral flexion | adduction of the spine | ||
| (skeletal) muscle contraction | to create body and joint movements, protect, support, and produce heat | |||
| muscle action | concentric contraction of muscles across a joint causing specific movement of the joint, usually by a group of muscles | |||
| muscle innervation | one nerve innervates multiple muscles or parts of muscles, or more than one nerve innervates a muscle | |||
| muscle gaster | the central and contractile part of a muscle | muscle belly or body | ||
| muscle origin | most stable attachment of a muscle; closest to midline or center of body | proximal | ||
| muscle insertion | most moveable attachment; farthest from midline or center of body | distal | ||
| muscle cross section diameter | greater size indicates greater force exertion | muscle size | ||
| muscle length | longer muscles can more effectively move joints through larger range of motion | |||
| parallel (muscle fiber arrangement) | fibers arranged along the length of the muscle; more ROM | |||
| pennate (muscle fiber arrangement) | fibers arranged obliquely, featherlike to tendon; more power | |||
| flat muscles | thin and broad parallel muscles that originate from an aponeuroses | spread force(s) over a broad area | rectus abdominus, external obliques | |
| fusiform muscles | spindle-shaped parallel muscles that have a central belly and taper off to tendons at each end | focuses power on small, bony area(s) | brachialis, biceps brachii | |
| strap muscles | parallel muscles that have a uniform(ish) diameter | focuses power on small, bony area(s) | sartorius | |
| radiate muscles | triangular parallel muscles that originate on a broad aponeuroses and converge onto a tendon; combination of flat and fusiform arrangements | pectoralis major, trapezius | ||
| sphincter muscles | strap muscles arranged circularly around openings | close openings during contraction | orbicularis oris | |
| unipennate muscles | fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side | biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior | ||
| bipennate muscles | fibers run obliquely from both sides of a central tendon | rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus | ||
| multi-pennate muscles | fibers run diagonally between several tendons, producing a weaker contraction than other pennate types | deltoid | ||
| irritability | sensitivity to chemical, electrical or mechanical stimuli | |||
| contractility | ability to contract and develop tension against resistance when stimulated | |||
| extensibility | ability to be stretched back to original length following contraction | |||
| elasticity | ability to return to original length following stretching | |||
| isometric muscle contraction | static contraction; muscle tension to maintain joint angle in a stable position | same length | prevents movement by external forces | |
| isotonic muscle contraction | dynamic contraction; muscle tension causes (or controls) joint angle change | same tension | ||
| concentric contraction | positive isotonic contraction; muscle shortens as it develops tension to move against resistance | |||
| eccentric contraction | negative isotonic contraction; muscle lengthens under tension to control descent of resistance | |||
| isokinetic contraction | dynamic exercise with isotonic contraction(s) while maintaining movement speed | same motion/speed | biodex, cybex, lido | |
| CNS stimulation | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord | |||
| PNS sensory neurons | afferent neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS | afferent neurons | ||
| CNS neurons | interneurons transmit between sensory neurons and CNS and CNS and motor neurons | assosciation neurons | ||
| PNS motor neurons | efferent neurons conduct signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) | efferent neurons | ||
| sarcomere | smallest functional unit of muscle; made of sarcoplasm, transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum | |||
| myofilament | units that compose myofibrils (in sarcomere); actin and myosin | |||
| I band | no myosin | |||
| A band | myosin | |||
| H zone | no actin | |||
| Z line | actin | |||
| sarcoplasm | contains stored glycogen and myoglobin | |||
| transverse tubules | pathway to muscle | |||
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | storage site for calcium | |||
| myosin ATPase | enzyme used to cause myosin head to detach from actin filament | |||
| actin filament | troponin on tropomyosin receive calcium, blocking the active site (actin) | |||
| node of ranvier | allows nerve signal to jump down axon, increasing speed of transmission with saltatory conduction | |||
| all-or-none principle | activated motor nerve contracts all fibers it innervates | |||
| sliding filament theory | chemical process triggering the release of energy to the crossbridge of myosin and actin filaments; 11 steps | |||
| size principle | an orderly recruitment of motor units related to neuron size, in which smaller units take less stimulus to activate | |||
| kinesthesis | the conscious awareness of position and movement of the body in space | |||
| proprioceptors | sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length, and tension, which is integrated to give information about the position of a limb in space | muscle spindles and GTOs | ||
| proprioception | subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement by responding to stimuli originating in proprioceptors of the joints, tendons, muscles and inner ear | |||
| muscle spindle | monitors and controls muscle length; mostly run parallel to fibers in muscle belly | myotatic reflex and reciprocal inhibition | ||
| myotatic (stretch) reflex | stretching muscle contracts; an impulse is sent to the CNS after a rapid muscle stretch and the CNS activates a motor neuron of the muscle to cause it to contract | knee-jerk, quick short squat before a jump` | ||
| reciprocal inhibition | opposing muscle relaxes | |||
| golgi tendon organ (gto) | proprioceptor in tendon near junction with muscle; protects from excessive stretch by causing muscle contraction | |||
| golgi tendon reflex | an impulse is sent to CNS when gto meets stretch threshold, so the CNS sends a signal for the muscle to relax and protectively activates antagonist muscles | |||
| length - tension relationship | amount of tension a muscle is capable of depends on the muscle's length before it is stimulated | |||
| mechanical advantage | load divided by effort | resistance/force, or (force arm length)/(resistance arm length) | ||
| levers | most common machine in the body; rotate around an axis as a result of force (effort, E) being applied to cause its movement against a resistance or weight | |||
| wheel-axles | rotate about an axis due to force to cause movement against resistance, but primarily to enhance ROM and speed of movement | |||
| pulleys | function to change effective direction of force application | |||
| lever | a rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation or a fulcrum | bones | ||
| point (f) | the effort arm, where force is applied | contraction at muscle insertion | ||
| point (r) | the center of gravity of the lever, where external resistance is applied | |||
| axis (a) | the fulcrum; the point of rotation about which the lever moves in the body | joints | ||
| first class lever | FAR | balanced movement if A midway between F and R; ROM and speed if A is closer to F; force production if A is closer to R | A closer to F: triceps in elbow extension | |
| second class lever | ARF (few in human body) | force production | raising the body up on the toes (plantar flexion) | |
| third class lever | AFR (most common in human body) | ROM and speed | elbow flexion (*brachialis) | |
| torque | force magnitude * force arm; the turning effect of an eccentric force applied to (non-)fixed axis in a direction not in line with the object's center of gravity | |||
| fixed axis | contracting muscles apply eccentric force to attached bone and cause it to rotate about an axis at the joint, in a direction not in line with the object's center of rotation | |||
| force arm | perpendicular distance between location of F and A. as length increases, torque increases, making it easier to move a relatively large R | moment arm or torque arm | ||
| resistance arm | distance between the A and the point of R application | |||
| force arm and force magnitude | as FA increases, FM decreases to move constant RA and R | |||
| resistance arm and resistance | resistance arm decreases as resistance increases if FM and FA are constant | |||
| resistance components and force components | as RA and R increase, F and FA increase | |||
| first class levers and FA, F, RA, R | FA and R are inversely proportional to F | |||
| second class levers and mechanical advantage | MA increases when R is closer to A; force is more effective when R is closer to F | |||
| third class levers and point of force application (F) | need more F than R because RA is longer than FA. if F is closer to A than more ROM and speed. if F is closer to R, than less force is needed | |||
| torque and lever arm lengths | human system is built for ROM and speed at expense of F; need more F to move when FA is short and RA is long | |||
| lever length and velocity | as length increases, lever can more effectively impart velocity | |||
| lever length and linear force | increase together, allowing better performance in some sports | |||
| wheel and axle: fulcrum | center of wheel and axle | |||
| wheel and axle: force arms | radius of wheel and axle | |||
| wheel and axle: mechanical advantage | wheel radius/axle radius | |||
| wheel and axle: speed advantage | if force is applied to the axle than the outside of the wheel will travel faster and farther than the axle by the MA | rotator cuff applies force to humerus (a) and hand and wrist (w) travel far and fast | ||
| pulleys | function to change effective direction of force application; can be combined to increase MA | lateral malleolus transmits force to plantar aspect of foot for eversion and plantar flexion | ||
| kinematics | description of motion that includes time, displacement, velocity, acceleration and space | |||
| kinetics | study of forces assocaited with the motion of the body | |||
| dynamics | study of systems in motion with acceleration; system is unbalanced due to unequal forces acting on the body | |||
| linear motion | motion along a line | translatory motion | ||
| rectilinear | motion along a straight line | |||
| curvilinear | motion along a curved line | |||
| linear displacement | distance that a system moves in a straight line | |||
| angular motion | rotation around an axis (joint); produces the linear motion of walking | rotary motion | ||
| angular displacement | change in location of a rotating body | |||
| displacement | distance from object's original point of reference | |||
| law of inertia | a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted on by a force | |||
| inertia and human movement | muscles produce the force to change the amount and direction of motion; the body segment tends to maintain the current state of motion | |||
| factors affecting inertia | as mass increases, inertia increases, and more force is needed to significantly change inertia | |||
| energy cost | steady pace and direction conserves energy; irregularly paced/ directed activity is very costly to energy reserves | |||
| law of acceleration | acceleration is affected by mass, direction of generating force, and speed of body part imparting force | f=m*a | ||
| law of reaction | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction | |||
| action force | force we impart onto surface | |||
| ground reaction force | surface's force due to action force | easier to run on track than on sand | ||
| friction | force created by the resistance of two objects moving upon one another | increases for running, decreases for swimming | ||
| coefficient of friction | force needed to overcome the friction over force holding the surfaces together | force to push a boulder | ||
| rolling friction | resistance to an object rolling across a surface; rf | |||
| equilibrium | state of zero acceleration where there is no change in the speed or direction of the body | |||
| static equilibrium | body is at rest or completely motionless | |||
| dynamic equilibrium | all applied and inertial forces acting on the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with unchanging speed or direction | |||
| balance | ability to control equilibrium (static or dynamic) | |||
| stability | resistance to a change in body acceleration or equilibrium | |||
| center of gravity (COG) | point at which all of body's mass and weight are equally balanced or equally distributed in all directions | |||
| force | produced by muscles to cause change in the position of a body segment, the entire body, or some object; many activities require a summation of forces | |||
| momentum | mass*velocity; increases when resistance to change in inertia or state of motion increases; may be altered by impulse | |||
| impulse | force*time | |||
| hip joint | teres ligament attaches femoral head to acetabulum of pelvic girdle and slightly limits adduction | acetabulofemoral joint | ||
| pelvic girdle | right and left pelvic bones, joined posteriorly by the sacrum and anteriorly by the pubic symphysis | |||
| muscles that originate on the anterior pelvis | tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, rectus femoris | hip flexors | ||
| muscles that originate on the posterior pelvis | gluteus maximus, hamstrings | hip extensors | ||
| muscles that insert on the patella | quadriceps | |||
| pubic symphysis | anterior connection between pelvic bones; amphiarthrodial joint | |||
| sacroiliac joint | posterior connection between the sacrum and the right or left pelvic bones | |||
| hip diagonal adduction | combinatino of adduction and flexion | |||
| hip diagonal abduction | combinatino of abduction and extension | |||
| anterior pelvic rotation | iliac crest tilts forward in a sagittal plane | anterior tilt | ||
| posterior pelvic rotation | iliac crest tilts backward in a sagittal plane | posterior tilt | ||
| left transverse pelvic rotation | pelvis rotates to body's right; left iliac crest moves anteriorly while right iliac crest moves posteriorly | |||
| right transverse pelvic rotation | pelvis rotates to body's left; right iliac crest moves anteriorly, while left iliac crest moves posteriorly | |||
| tibiofemoral joint | hinge joint; femoral condyles articulate with tibial condyles | trochoginglymus because of rotation during flexion | ||
| patellofemoral joint | arthrodial joint; gliding of patella on femoral condyles | |||
| patella | sesamoid bone imbedded in quadriceps and patellar tendon; improves angle of pull by acting as a pulley, causing greater mechanical advantage in knee extension | |||
| knee: static stability | provided by ligaments: MCL, ACL, PCL, LCL | |||
| knee: dynamic stability | provided by contraction of quadriceps and hamstrings | |||
| anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | crosses within knee between tibia and femur to maintain anterior and rotary (static) stability; commonly injured | |||
| acl injury | caused by noncontact rotary forces, hyperextension, violent quadricep contraction pulling tibia forward on femur, or direct impact at front of thigh on when leg is stable | |||
| posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | crosses within knee between tibia and femur to maintain posterior and rotary (static) stability; prevents femur from sliding off tibia anteriorly | |||
| pcl injury | caused by direct contact to a flexed knee; not a common injury | |||
| fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL) | maintains lateral stability (static); not commonly injured | |||
| tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) | maintains medial static stability by resisting valgus force or preventing knee from being abducted; common injury in contact sports | |||
| q angle | higher in females; associated with some knee problems | |||
| excessive ankle inversion | most common sprain; usually ATF ligament tears | |||
| types of ankle sprains | type 3 is most severe | |||
| shin splints | common name for conditions resulting in pain along or just behind the tibia | |||
| supination | combination of ankle plantar flexion, inversion and adduction | toe in | ||
| pronation | combination of ankle dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction | toe out | ||
| vertebral column | 33 total; 24 articulating | |||
| lordosis | excessive posterior concavity of lumbar or cervical curves | |||
| ribs | 12 pairs: 7 true; 5 false, 3 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum, 2 floating pairs | |||
| atlantooccipital joint | first vertebral joint; allows capital flexion and extension | |||
| atlantoaxial joint | most cervial rotation occurs here; atlas sits on axis | |||
| proximal carpal row (radial to ulnar) | scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform | |||
| distal carpal row (radial to ulnar) | trapezuim, trapezoid, capitate, hamate | |||
| carpal tunnel syndrome | inflammation of and pressure on the median nerve due to repetitive motions | |||
| acromioclavicular joint | often injured arthrodial joint supported by coracoclavicular ligaments | |||
| rotator cuff injury causes | strenuous circumduction, shoulder dislocation, hard fall/blows, repetitive motion in a position above horizontal; supraspinatus is most commonly injured | |||
| shoulder injury causes | shallowness of glenoid fossa, laxity of ligaments for ROM, lack of strength and endudurance in shoulder muscles | |||
| "tommy john procedure" | tendon graft associated with the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) | |||
| "tennis elbow" | lateral epicondylitis | |||
| "golfer's elbow" | medial epicondylitis | |||
| 2-joint (leg) muscles | most effective when origin or insertion is stabilized or muscle is lengthened | sartorius, hamstrings, rectus femoris | ||
| ligaments | tough, non-elastic capsule thickenings that provide additional support against abnormal movement or joint opening | |||
| arthrodial joint | two plane or flat bony surfaces | gliding joint | ||
| goniometer | instrument used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles |
Created by:
selfstudy08
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