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Ch. 6 Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| contractility | ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulate |
| extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after being stretched |
| epimysium | connective tisssue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle |
| fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium, surrounding and separating muscles. |
| perimysium | loose connective tissue surrounded fasciculi |
| muscle fasciculi | composed of single muscle cells called fibers |
| each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing several.. | nuceli |
| endomysium | connective tissue sheath surrounding each fiber |
| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with.. | myofibrils |
| myofibrils | a thread like structure that extends from one end of the fiber to another |
| myofibrils consist of 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin myofilaments, myosin myofilaments |
| actin myofilaments | thin myfilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together. |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myfilaments that resemble bundles of minute gold clubs |
| actin and myosin myofilaments from highly ordered units called | sarcomeres |
| sarcomere | myofibral |
| each sacromere extends from __ line to another __ line | z |
| each z line is an attachment site for.. | actin |
| the arrangements of __ and __ give a band appearance. | actin, myosin |
| on each side of the z line is a light area called an __ band that consists of actin. | I |
| The __ band entends the length of the myosin and is the darker central region is each sacromere | A |
| light area called __ zone consisiting of only myosin | H |
| center of the sacromere at a dark staining band called the __ line. | M |
| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane. |
| actin potential | brief several back of the charge. |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potential to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| while axons ener the juscles and branch, each branch that connects to the muscle forms a __, or __ near the center of the cell. | neuromuscular junction, synapse |
| motor unit | single motor nuerons and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. |
| presynaptic terminal | the enlarged serve terminal, muscle fiber |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and muscle cell |
| each presynaptic terminal contains... | synaptic vesicles |
| synaptic vesicles secrete a neurotramitter called.. | acetylcholine |
| the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the nueron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes called.. | acetylcholinesterase |
| sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called... | sliding filament mechanism |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus reaches a level called.. | threshold |
| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor meuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time during which the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| creatine phosphate | another high energy molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| isometric | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isometric | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but length of muscle changes. |
| muscle tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. keeps head and back straight |
| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism |
| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. better suited for aerobic metabolism |
| origin | head, most stationary end of the muscle |
| insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| occipitofrontalis | raises eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | close eyelids |
| orbicularis oris | puckers lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| extrinsic | move the muscle |
| points of attachment to each muscle: | origin and insertion |
| some muscles have... | mutiple orgins and heads |
| atp is.. | produced in mitochondria |
| atp is.. | shot lived and unstable |
| axons enter the.. | muscles and branch |
| mysoin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sacromere at a dark staining band called the.. | M line |
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