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PNS dysfunction NPTE
PNS dysfunction - Scorebuilders NPTE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Common mechanism of axillary nerve injury | Fracture of neck of humerus or anterior dislocation of the shoulder |
| Common mechanism of musculocutaenous nerve injury | Clavicular Fracture |
| Common mechanism of radial nerve injury | fracture of humerus or compression of nerve in the radial tunnel |
| Common mechanism of median nerve injury | Compression in the carpal tunnel or pronator teres entrapment |
| Common mechanism of ulnar nerve injury | Compression in the cubital tunnel or entrapment in Guyon's canal |
| Common mechanism of femoral nerve injury | THA, displace acetabular fracture, anterior dislocation of the femur, hysterectomy, appendectomy |
| Common mechanism of injury of sciatic nerve | THA, Blunt force trauma to the buttocks, Accidental injection into the nerve |
| Common mechanism of injury of obturator nerve | THA, Fixation of a femur fracture |
| Common mechanism of injury of peroneal (fibular) nerve | Femur, tibia, or fibula fracture, positioning during surgical procedures |
| Common mechanism of injury of tibial nerve | Tarsal Tunnel entrapment, or popliteal fossa compression |
| Common mechanism of injury of sural nerve | fracture of the calcaneus or lateral malleous |
| Neurapraxia | Mildest form of acute nerve injury. Nerve fibers not damaged. Sym:pain, min. muscle atrophy, numbness or greater loss of motor and sensory function, diminished proprioception. Rapid/complete recovery within 4-5 weeks. Most commonly from pressure injuri |
| Axonotmesis | More severe grade of injury to peripheral nerve. Reversible injury to damaged fibers. Recovery is spontaneous and varies from spotty to no recovery; May require surgery. |
| Neurotmesis | The most severe grade of peripheral nerve injury. Axon, myelin, conn. tissue are all damage or transected. Irreversible injury, no possibility of regeneration. Symp: Flaccid paralysis,wasting of muscles, Total loss of sensation to area supplied by nerve. |
| Neurotmesis recovery | No spontaneous recovery; with surgical reattachment, potential regenerating axons may grow at one millimeter per day with proximal recovery first. Sensory recovery occurs sooner than motor fibers. ex:Complete transection of the nerve trunk |
| Common mechanisms of axonotmesis | Traction, compression, and crush injuries are most common. |
| Describe Anterior Horn cell pathology characteristics and example | Sensory component is intact Motor weakness and atrophy Fasciculations Dec. DTR's Ex: Amyotrophic lateral scleorosis and Poliomyelitis |
| Describe Muscular pathology characteristics and example | Sensory component is intact Motor weakness Rarely fasciculations Normal or Dec. DTR's Ex: Muscular dystrophy |
| Describe symptoms of Neuromuscular junction pathology and example | Sensory component intact Motor fatigue is greater than actual weakness Normal DTR's Ex: Myasthenia gravis |
| Describe symptoms of peripheral mononeuropathy pathology and example | an isolated nerve lesion. Sensory loss along the nerve route Motor weakness and atrophy in a peripheral distribution; may have fasciculations Ex: Trauma or entrapment |
| Describe symptoms of peripheral polyneuropathy pathology and example | Sensory impairments in a "stocking glove" distribution Motor weakness and atrophy Weaker distally than proximally May have fasciculations Dec. DTR's Ex: Diabetes |
| Symptoms of spinal roots and nerve pathology and example | Sensory component will have corresponding dermatomal deficits. Motor weakness in an innervated pattern;May have fasciculations Dec. DTR's Ex: herniated disk |
| Upper motor neuron disease: reflexes | Hyperactive |
| Lower motor neuron disease: reflexes | diminished or absent |
| Upper motor neuron disease: atrophy | Atrophy is mild from disuse |
| Lower motor neuron disease: atrophy | muscular atrophy is present from poor innervation |
| Upper motor neuron disease: fasciculations | fasiculations are absent |
| Lower motor neuron disease: fasciculations | fasiculations are present |
| Upper motor neuron disease: Tone | Hypertonicity |
| Lower motor neuron disease: Tone | hypotonicity to flaccidity |
| Describe Upper motor neuron disease | a lesion found in descending motor tracts within the cerebral motor cortex, internal capsule, brainstem or spinal cord. Damaged tracts are in the lateral white column of the spinal cord |
| Symptoms of Upper motor neuron disease | Weakness of involved muscles, hypertonicity, hyperreflexia,mild disuse atrophy, and abnormal reflexes. |
| Examples of Upper motor neuron lesions | Cerebral palsy, Hydrocephalus, ALS(both upper and lower), CVA, birth injuries, Multiple sclerosis, Huntington's chorea, TBI, Brain tumors, pseudobulbar palsy. |
| Describe Lower motor neuron disease | Result from lesions that affect the anterior horn cell and peripheral nerve (e.g. peripheral neuropathy, cauda equina lesion, radiculopathy) |
| Symptoms of Lower motor neuron lesions | Symptoms include flaccidity or weakness of the involved muscles, decreased tone, fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and decreased or absent reflexes |
| Examples of Lower motor neuron lesions | Poliomyelitis, ALS(BOTH UPPER AND LOWER), Guillian-Barre syndrome, tumors involving the spinal cord, trauma, progressive muscular atrophy, infection, bell's palsy, carpal tunnel syndrome, muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular dystrophy |
| Intention tremors | tremors absent at rest, but observable with activity and typically increase as the target approaches. Indicate a lesion of the cerebellum or its efferent pathways and also seen with multiple sclerosis |
| Resting tremors | tremors that are observable at rest and may or may not disappear with movement. An example is the pill-rolling motion associated with Parkinson's disease |
| Chorea | a form of hyperkinesia that presents with brief, irregular contractions that are rapid, but not to the degree of myoclonic jerks. Is typically secondary to damage to the caudate nucleus. Huntington's disease is an example of a pathology |
| Dystonia | A Syndrome of sustained muscle contractions that frequently causes twisting, abnormal postures, and reptitive movements. Common diagnoses that may include this disorder are Parkinson's disease, Cerebral palsy, and encephalitis. |
| Athetosis | A movement disorder that presents with slow, twisting, and writhing movements that are large in amplitude. Primarily seen in the face, tongue, trunk, and extremities. It is a common finding in several forms of Cerebral palsy due to basal ganglia pathology |
| Modified Ashworth scale | Widely used qualitative scale for the assessment of spasticity; it measure the amount of resistance to passive stretch. |
| MAS GRADE 0 | No increase in muscle tone |
| MAS GRADE 4 | Affected part(s) in rigid flexion or extension |
| MAS GRADE 1 | Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or by minimal resistance at end of ROM when moved into flexion or extension. |
| MAS GRADE 1+ | Slight increase in tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remained (less than half) of the ROM |
| MAS GRADE 2 | Marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected parts(s) easily moved |
| MAS GRADE 3 | Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult |
Created by:
dkhan40
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