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Stack #1088009
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Frederick II | a Prussian king who at first liked flute and poetry, but after years in forced solitary confinement by his father Frederick William I, he became a brilliant military commander |
| Louis XIV | the French king who took over in 1643, was aided by Cardinal Mazarin, and took over the complete government, ruling by divine right after Mazarin's death in 1661 |
| Autocratic | having unlimited power |
| Maria Theresa | the intelligent and capable daughter of Charles IV who became the first woman to rule the Hapsburg empire in her own name |
| Ferdinand | the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia who sought to suppress Protestants and to assert royal power over nobles; was elected Holy Roman Emperor |
| Depopulation | a reduction in the number of people in an area |
| Peter the Great | a Russian tsar who gained absolute power; westernized Russia; expanded Russia's borders |
| St. Petersburg | capital city and major port established by Peter the Great in 1703 |
| Levee | morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon French King Louis XIV |
| Miguel de Cervantes | author of Don Quixote, which pokes fun at medieval tales of chivalry; wrote the first modern European novel |
| Cabinet | Parliamentary advisors to the king, who originally met in a small room |
| Frederick William I | a Prussian ruler who gained the loyalty of Prussian nobles by giving them positions in the army and government |
| Peace of Westphalia | a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Year's War |
| Dissenters | Protestants whose views and opinions differed from those of the Church of England |
| Puritans | a group of dissenters who sought to "purify" the Church of Catholic practices |
| Limited Monarchy | a government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's power |
| Charles I | imprisoned his foes without trial; squeezed the nation for money; signed the Petition of Right; led the Cavaliers against the Roundheads in the English Civil War; was executed by Parliament after losing the English Civil War to Cromwell and the Roundheads |
| Oliver Cromwell | the leader of the Roundheads in the English Civil War against Charles I and the Cavaliers; ruler of the Commonwealth after Charles I's execution; ruled with strict Puritan ways |
| Balance of Power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong |
| El Greco | "the Greek;" a Greek-born master of Spanish painting; famous for religious paintings and portraits of Spanish nobles; his use of vibrant colors influenced many other artists |
| Prussia | a strong military state in central Europe that emerged in the late 1600s |
| Armada | fleet of ships; Philip sent one to invade England |
| Mercenary | a soldier serving in a foreign army for pay |
| Hapsburg Empire | the Central European empire that lasted form the 1400s to the 1900s; at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands |
| Divine Right | the belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God |
| Cardinal Richelieu | a chief minister appointed by Louis XIII in 1624 who sought to destroy the power of the Huguenots and the nobles |
| Edict of Nantes | the law issued by French King Henry IV in 1598 that gave more religious freedom to French Protestants |
| James I | the first Stuart monarch; clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy; ruled by divine right; fought dissenters |
| Partition | a division into pieces |
| Henry IV | a French king who started out fighting Catholic opposition, but eventually converted to Catholicism |
| Absolute Monarch | a ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs |
| Intendent | an official appointed by French King Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers |
| War of Austrian Succession | a series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI |
| Westernization | adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture |
| Boyars | landowning nobles in Russia under the tsars |
| Warm-Water Port | a port that is free of ice year-round |
| Huguenots | French Protestants of the 1500s and 1600s |
| Catherine the Great | a German princess who married the heir to the Russian throne and took over after her husband "died;" embraced western ideas' was an absolute monarch; gained the eastern part of Poland |
| Charles V | the ruler of the Spanish empire who fought Protestantism; faced the Muslim Ottoman Empire; eventually retired to a monestary, passing his empire to his brother Ferdinand and his son Phillip II |
| Versailles | the royal French residence and seat of government established by King Louis XIV |
| English Bill of Rights | the series of acts passed by the English Parliament in 1689 that limited the rights of the monarchy and ensured the superiority of Parliament; accepted by William and Mary |
| Jean-Baptiste Colbert | King Louis XIV's brilliant finance minister, who imposed mercantilist policies to bolster France's economy |
| Oligarchy | a government in which ruling power belongs to a few people |
| Electors | one of seven German princes who would choose the Holy Roman Emperor |
| Constitutional Government | a government whose power is defined and limited by law |
| Philip II | a Spanish absolute monarch who ruled under divine right; fought Protestantism; son of Charles V |
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