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A&P 18&19
Exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What structures prevent prolapse of atrioventricular valves? | Chordae tendineae |
| Where is the Bundle of HIS located? | Interventricular septum |
| The lub-dub heart sounds heard during auscultation of the heart are associated with? | The heart valves closing |
| Blood flow during ventricular filling is most dependent upon what? | pressure changes |
| This valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle | Tricuspid |
| During which part of the cardiac cycle would pressure in the ventricle be at its lowest? | mid-diastole |
| Arial repolarization occurs during this period of time, seen on an EKG | QRS complex |
| Blood is prevented from flowing back into the left ventricle by the: | aortic semilunar valve |
| This area is known as the pacemaker of the heart | SA node |
| Structures in the ventricles | trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, and chordae tendineae |
| The most important factor for stretching cardiac muscle is: | End diastolic volume |
| The greatest decrease in ventricular pressure occurs at this time | Isovolumetric relaxation |
| Blood being pumped out of the left ventricle enters the | aorta |
| Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enters the right atrium through the | coronary sinus |
| Nerve impulses directly supplied to the papillary muscles by the | Purkinje fibers |
| The entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized during this time on an EKG | S-T segment |
| All oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the | pulmonary veins |
| Blood is carried to the heart by these vessels | Veins |
| The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate by | opening potassium gates |
| An increase in end diastolic volume would have which effect on cardiac output? | increase |
| The anterior surface of the heart consists mostly of this chamber | right ventricle |
| All four heart valves are closed during this time | Isovolumetic contractions |
| Cardiac muscle tissue is found in which layer of the heart? | myocardium |
| The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute is called | cardiac output |
| The renin-angiotensin mechanism stimulates the release of which hormone? | aldosterone |
| Long-term mechanisms control blood pressure by | regulating blood volume |
| If you have a blood pressure of 120/80mmHg, what is your diastolic pressure? | 80 |
| If you have a blood pressure of 110/80mmHg, what is your pulse pressure? | 30 |
| Gaining weight may increase blood pressure because increased adipose tissues cause an increase in | blood vessel length |
| These vessels also serve as a blood reservoir | veins |
| Types of capillaries | fenestrated, sinusoidal, continuous |
| These arteries supply 80% of the cerebrum | internal carotids |
| Which of the following blood vessel types have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? | arterioles |
| An increase in peripheral resistance would have what effect on blood pressure? | increase |
| Sinusoids are a highly modified form of these vessels | capillaries |
| Found in large arteries | elastic tissue, smooth muscle, endothelium |
| Venules unite to form | veins |
| These vessels are able to constrict | arterioles |
| The aortic reflex sends | inhibitory impulses to the vasomotor center |
| In which of the following tissues would low oxygen levels cause vasoconstriction? | lungs |
| Baroreceptors in our arteries respond to | an increase in blood pressure |
| The exchange between blood vessels and cells occurs here | capillaries |
| The first portion of the aorta is called the | ascending aorta |
| This is the muscular layer of blood vessels | Tunica media |
| These are the smallest blood vessels in our body | capillaries |
| These vessels carry blood toward the heart | venules |
| This part of the nervous system is responsible for vasomotor tone | sympathetic |
| Branches off the arch of aorta | left common carotid artery, brachiocephalic artery, left subclavian artery |
| A series of vessels that connect to capillary beds is a(n) | portal system |
| What are the layers of the heart? | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| What is the location of the heart? | in the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space |
| What is the heart enclosed in? | Pericardium |
| How many chambers are in the heart? | 4 (2 atria-right and left and 2 ventricles) |
| The right side of the heart is the pump for what circuit? and the vessels carry blood _________ | pulmonary to and from the lungs |
| The left side of the heart is the pump for what circuit? and the vessels carry blood_______ | systemic to and from all body tissues |
| Major branches of coronary circulation: arteries and veins | arteries: right and left coronary, marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries veins: small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins |
| Atrioventricular valves (AV) | Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract tricuspid valve:right and mitral valve:left |
| Semilunar valves (SL) | Prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax Aortic semilunar valve and pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Cardiac muscles | striated, short, fat, branched and interconnected numerous large mitochondria intercalated discs: junctions between cells anchor cardiac cells |
| Arrhythmias | irregular heart rhythms |
| Fibrillation | rapid, irregular contractions, useless for pumping blood (can lead to clots) |
| Defective SA node may result in | Ectopic focus: abnormal pacemaker takes over |
| Defective AV node may result in | Partial or total heart block Few or no impulses from SA node reach the ventricles |
| Where are cardiac centers located? | Medulla oblongata |
| Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) | a composite of all the action potentials generated by nodal and contractile cells at a given time |
| What are the 3 electrocardiography waves | P wave, QRS complex, T wave |
| P wave | depolarization of SA node |
| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization |
| What are heart murmurs | abnormal heart sounds most often indicative of valve problems |
| Heart sounds: how does the first sound occur? | AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole |
| Heart sounds: how does the second sound occur? | SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole |
| What is the cardiac cycle? | all events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat |
| Systole | contraction |
| Diastole | relaxation |
| What are the phases of cardiac cycle? | Ventricular filling, ventricular systole, and isovolumetric relaxation |
| How do you find cardiac output? | heart rate x stroke volume |
| What 3 main factors affect stroke volume? | preload, contractility, and afterload |
| What factors influence heart rate? | age, gender, exercise, body temperature |
| What is tachycardia? | abnormally fast heart beat |
| What is bradycardia? | heart rate is slower than 60bpm |
| Arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| Capillaries | contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs (allow nutrients and gases to diffuse) |
| Veins | carry blood toward the heart |
| Structure of blood vessel walls: arteries and veins | tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa |
| Structure of blood vessel walls: Lumen | central blood-containing space |
| Structure of blood vessel walls: Capillaries | endothelium with sparse basal lamina |
| Tunica intima | endothelium lines the walls (squamous cells) |
| Tunic media | smooth muscle and sheets of elastin fibers |
| Tunica externa | collagen fibers protect and reinforce |
| Arterioles | smallest arteries- lead to capillary beds-control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| Capillaries are in all tissues except: | cartilage, epithelia, cornea and lens of eye |
| Functions of capillaries | exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. |
| What are the 3 structural types of capillaries | Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal |
| Continuous capillaries | abundant in the skin and muscles |
| Fenestrated capillaries | Function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys, filters urine) |
| Sinusoidal capillaries | allow large molecules and blood cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues- found in liver, bone marrow and spleen |
| Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels: | Vascular shunt and true capillaries |
| Capillary beds-Vascular shunt: | directly connects the terminal arteriole and a post capillary venule |
| Capillary beds- True capillaries | branch off the metarteriole or terminal arteriole |
| What regulates blood flow into true capillaries? | precapillary sphincters |
| Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels: | Vascular shunt and true capillaries |
| Capillary beds-Vascular shunt: | directly connects the terminal arteriole and a post capillary venule |
| Capillary beds- True capillaries | branch off the metarteriole or terminal arteriole |
| Relationship of blood flow and blood pressure | If blood pressure increases, blood flow speeds up |
| What regulates blood flow into true capillaries? | precapillary sphincters |
| Relationship of blood flow and peripheral resistance | Blood flow is inversely proportional to peripheral resistance---if resistance increases, blood flow decreases (flow=pressure X resistance) |
| How is the blood flow regulated through capillary beds? | local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves |
| What generates blood flow? | pumping action of the heart |
| Venules | formed when capillary beds unite- very pourous- allow fluids and WBCs into tissues |
| Relationship of blood flow and blood pressure | If blood pressure increases, blood flow speeds up |
| Relationship of blood flow and peripheral resistance | Blood flow is inversely proportional to peripheral resistance---if resistance increases, blood flow decreases (flow=pressure X resistance) |
| What generates blood flow? | pumping action of the heart |
| Pressure results from? | the flow being opposed by resistance |
| Systolic pressure | pressure exerted during ventricular contraction |
| Diastolic pressure | lowest level of arterial pressure |
| How do you calculate pulse pressure? | systolic-diastolic |
| Mean arterial pressure (MAP) | pressure that propels the blood to the tissues |
| MAP formula | diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
| What factors influence blood pressure? | cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume |
| How does the body regulate blood pressure? | Changes in one variable (cardiac output, peripheral resistance, or blood volume) are quickly compensated for by changes in the other variables |
Created by:
alexah
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