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Nervous Tissue
Anatomy Chapter 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three divisions of the PNS? | Somatic Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System and Enteric Nervous System |
| Are somatic motor neurons voluntary or involuntary? | voluntary |
| Are autonomic motor neurons voluntary or involuntary? | involuntary |
| The somatic nervous system is associated with which four parts of the body? | head, body, limbs and special senses |
| the autonomic nervous system is associated with which six parts of the body? | viscera, stomach, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and lungs |
| the enteric nervous system is associated with which three parts of the GI tract? | smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells |
| What is special about the enteric nervous system? | it can act independently of the CNS, but CNS still knows what's happening. |
| what is the minimum voltage a cell must be in order for a voltage-gated ion channel to open? | -55 mV |
| Hyperpolarization is due to which channels opening? | K+ and chloride channels opening. Both mechanically and ligand gated channels. |
| Depolarization is due to which channels opening? | Na+ or Ca+ channels. |
| In which phase does K+ rush out and the Na+ gates close? | Repolarizing |
| The refractory period continues until what happens? | The voltage gated Na+ channels come back to resting state. |
| What determines the impact of an action potential? | the frequency of impulse, all action potentials are the same magnitude and strength. |
| what does Tetrodoxin do? | it inserts into voltage-gated Na+ channels and blocks the nerve impulse from traveling. |
| What do Procaine and Lidocaine do? | Block pain by blocking the opening of Na+ voltage gated channels so that pain is not transmitted. |
| What does ice do to the nerves? | it slows the conduction of nerve impulse so that you do not feel as much pain. |
| During resting membrane potential, which of the activation gates and inactivation gates of Na+ voltage gated channels are open and which are closed? | Activation gate is closed and inactivation gate is opened |
| Which voltage gated ion channel opens during the Depolarizing phase? | the activation gate of the Na+ voltage gated channel opens |
| During repolarizing phase of an action potential, which gate opens and which gate closes? Which ions leave the cell? | the inactivation gates of the Na+ voltage gated channel close and K+ voltage gated channels open sloooowwwllyy. K+ flows out. |
| What restores the resting membrane potential? | K+ outflow during repolarizing phase. |
| What is the state of the Na+ and K+ voltage gated channel by the end of the repolarizing phase? | Activation gate closed, inactivation gate opened. Inactivation gate opens after K+ restores membrane potential. The cell returns to resting state when the K+ gates close at the end of repolarizing phase. |
| what is the origin of graded potentials and action potentials? | Graded: mainly in dendrites and cell body Action: at trigger zones and propagate along axon |
| What types of channels are involved in graded potentials and action potentials? | Graded: Ligand-gated or mechanically gated Action: voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels |
| How do graded potentials and action potentials differ in amplitude size? | Graded: depend on the strength of the stimulus. Action: All or none! all same size |
| How do graded potentials and action potentials differ in duration? | Graded: longer Action: shorter |
| How do graded potentials and action potentials differ in refractory periods? | Graded: doesn't have a refractory period, so summation can occur Action: has a refractory period so summation cannot occur. |
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