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The Lymphatic and Im
Body Functions Chapter 15 Page 365
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The lymphatic system is a | circulatory system |
The lymphatic system transports fluid called | lymph |
The lymphatic system consists of: | 1. Lymph 2. Lymph vessels 3. Lymph nodes 4. Tonsils 5. Spleen 6. Thymus gland 7. Peyer's patches 8. Red bone marrow. |
The primary functions of the lymphatic system are: | 1. Drain fluid from tissue spaces that escapes (oozes) from capillaries. 2. Transport fats from the digestive system to the blood. 3. Produce lymphocytes. 4. Devlope immunities. |
The fluid that escapes (seeps) from capillaries into tissue spaces is called | interstitial fluid. |
The result of insufficient draining of interstitial fluid is | edema (swelling). |
Concentrations of lymph vessels are called | lymph nodes or lymph glands. |
Lymph nodes are the shape of | beans. |
Lymph nodes are found | along the length of the lymphatic system. |
The three areas of lymph node concentrations are: | 1. Cervical (neck). 2. Axillary (armpits). 3. Inguinal or iliac (groin). |
The circulation of lymph through the lymph vessels is maintained by normal | skeletal muscle contractions. |
Swelling of the lymph nodes is called | lymphadenopathy. |
The three groups of tonsils are the: | 1. Palatine tonsils. 2. Pharyngeal tonsils. 3. Lingual tonsils. |
The palatine tonsils are located in the | tonsillar fossa between the pharyngopalatine and glossopalatine arches on either side of the posterior os of the oral cavity. |
The pharyngeal tonsils are AKA | adenoids. |
The pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located close to the | internal orifice of the nasal cavity (nasopharynx). |
The lingual tonsils are located on the | posterior surface of the tongue at its base. |
In these positions the tonsils form a protective ring against | harmful microorganisms that might enter the nose or oral cavity. |
The spleen is ________ in shape. | oval (calzone). |
The spleen is the | single largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body. |
The spleen is located in the | superior left corner of the abdominal cavity. |
The functions of the spleen include: | 1. Filters the blood to phagocytize bacteria, worn out platelets (thrombocytes), and erythrocytes (RBCs). 2. Releases hemoglobin (Hgb.) from the worn out erythrocytes (RBCs). 3. Acts as a reservoir for blood. 4. Produces lymphocytes. |
The thymus is a bilobed mass of lymphatic tissue located in the | mediastinum. |
The function of the thymus is the maturation of | T lymphocytes (T cells). |
The thymus reaches maximum size during | puberty and decreases in size as we age |
The Peyer’s patches are AKA | aggregated lymphatic follicles. |
The Peyer’s patches resemble | tonsils. |
The Peyer’s patches are found in the walls of the | small intestines (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). |
The Peyer’s patches are responsible for preventing bacteria from | infecting and penetrating the walls of the small intestine. |
Red bone marrow is found in the: | 1. Sternum. 2. Vertebrae. 3. Ribs. 4. Ilia. 5. The proximal and distal portions of each humerus and femur. |
Red bone marrow is the site of stem cells that are ever capable of | dividing and producing blood cells (hematopoiesis). |
Some of these cells become leukocytes such as: | 1. Monocytes (phagocytic). 2. Neutrophils (phagocytic). 3. Eosinophils (toxins, helminths). 4. Lymphocytes (produce antibodies). 5. Basophils (release histamine and heparin). Monkeys never eat little bananas. |
Lymphocytes are categorized as: | 1. B lymphocytes (B cells). 2. T lymphocytes (T cells). |
The B lymphocytes (B cells) mature in the | bone marrow. |
Some B lymphocytes (B cells) produce | antibodies. |
Antibodies are immune proteins that bind to antigens and | tag the antigens for destruction by the immune system. |
An antigen is | any foreign protein that triggers an immune response such as pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungi. |
Antibodies are | specialized. |
Specialized means that | only a specific antigen (virus, bacteria, fungus, etc.) will be attacked. |
Antibody production is the only mechanism that can | defeat a viral infection. |
Other B lymphocytes (B cells) become dormant and are responsible for a more | potent and rapid antibody response during subsequent exposures to the same antigen. |
These dormant B lymphocytes (B cells) are called | memory cells. |
Memory cells are responsible for a | lasting immunity. |
Types of antibodies include | 1. IgG. 2. IgM. 3. IgA. 4. IgD. 5. IgE. |
Ig stands for | immunoglobulin. |
The B lymphocytes (B cells) will develop antibodies when: | 1. A person contracts a pathological antigen. 2. A person is exposed to an attenuated or inactivated pathological antigen. |
Attenuated means that the antigen has been | crippled. |
Inactivated means that the antigen is | dead. |
An attenuated or inactivated antigen does not cause disease but will | trigger the B lymphocytes (B cells) to produce antibodies. |
Administration of an attenuated or inactivated antigen is called a: | 1. Vaccination. 2. Inoculation. 3. Immunization. |
Booster immunizations are designed to stimulate the production of more | memory B cells. |
1. MMR stands for | measles (rubeola), mumps (parotitis), and rubella (German measles). |
Common trade names for the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine include: | Priorix, Tresivac, and Trimovax. |
2. OPV (IPV) stands for | oral (inactivated) polio vaccine. |
3. DPT stands for | diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. |
Common trade names for the diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) vaccine include: | DTaP - ages 1-7 (Daptacel) Tdap - booster (Adacel, Boostrix) |
4. VZV stands for | varicella zoster virus. |
The varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes | chickenpox. |
A common trade name for the varicella zoster vaccine is | Varivax. |
5. HAV stands for the | hepatitis A virus. |
Common trade names for the hepatitis A vaccine include: | Havrix and Vaqta. |
6. HBV stands for the | hepatitis B virus. |
Common trade names for the hepatitis B vaccine include: | Hepatovax, Energix B, and Recombivax HB. |
7. MCV stands for | meningococcal vaccine. |
The meningococcal vaccine (MCV) prevents | bacterial meningitis. |
Common trade names for the meningococcal vaccine (MCV) include | Menomune and Menactra. |
MCV4 is recommended for ages | 2-55. |
MPSV4 is recommended for ages over | 55 |
8. Hib stands for | haemophilus influenzae b vaccine. |
The haemophilus influenzae b vaccine (Hib) prevents | bacterial meningitis. |
9. PPV stands for | pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. |
The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) prevents | pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis. |
Common trade names for the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) include: | Prevnar, Pneumovax 23, and Pnu-Immune 23. |
10. HPV stands for | human papilloma virus. |
The human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause | genital warts. |
A common trade name for the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine is | Gardasil. |
11. Herpes zoster is also known as | shingles. |
A common trade name for the herpes zoster vaccine is | Zostavax. |
12. RV stands for | rotavirus. |
The rotavirus (RV) causes profound | diarrhea in infants and children. |
A common trade name for the rotavirus (RV) vaccine is | RotaTeq. |
13. Smallpox. | The last case of smallpox was in 1977. The smallpox vaccine is not routinely administered. |
A blood test used to determine the amount of a specific antibody present is called an | antibody titer. |
CD8 T lymphocytes (killer cells) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses and | destroy cancer cells. |
CD4 T lymphocytes (helper cells) increase the activity of | killer cells, stimulate B lymphocytes (B cells), and activate monocytes. |
A CD4 T lymphocyte count less than 200 indicates the transition from the | human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). |