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BIO202-CH26-Electr-1
BIO202 - Ch 26 - Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid/Base P1- Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infants are __% water, average young man is __%, average woman __, & elderly is __. | 73%, 60%, 50%, 45% |
| Of all body tissues __ is least hydrated. | Adipose |
| Skeletal muscle is __% water. | 75% |
| People with more muscle mass have __ water. | more |
| List major fluid compartments & the % water there. | Intracellular (ICF) 40%, Extracellular (ECF 20%), & is plasma or interstitial (IF) |
| Nonelectrolytes | Usually covalently bonded solutes - no electric charge & doesn't dissociate in solution - lipids, urea, & creatine |
| Electrolytes | Dissociate into ions in water - conductive salts, acids, bases & some proteins. |
| __ have greater osmotic power than __. | electrolytes, nonelectrolytes |
| __ have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. | electrolytes |
| Electrolyte concentration expressed as __. | milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L) |
| The chief cation in extracellular fluid is __ & chief anion is __. | Sodium - chloride |
| Chief cation in ICF is __ & major anion is __. | potassium - hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) |
| __ & __ ion concentration is opposite between ECF & ICF. | sodium - potassium |
| __ account for most bulk mass in body fluids. | nonelectrolytes (phospholipids, cholesterol, & triglycerides). |
| Exchange & mixing of body fluids regulated by __. | osmotic & hydrostatic pressures |
| Ion fluxes are restricted & ions moved selectively by __. | active transport or through channels. |
| Increasing ECF solute content causes __. | a shift of water out of the cells |
| Decreasing ECF solute content causes __. | a shift of water into the cells. |
| Nutrient & waste exchange occurs through __. | interstitial fluid (IF) |
| Typical water intake per day? | 2500 ml |
| Insensible water loss | Water that vaporizes out of lungs or skin. |
| Rise in plasma osmolarity triggers? | (1) thirst, (2) ADH |
| Where is the thirst center? | hypothalamus |
| What causes dry mouth? | Rise in plasma oncotic pressure (less water leaves blood stream) |
| 4 ways body loses water | (1) urine, (2) evaporation from lungs/skin, (3) sweat, (4) feces |
| 4 ways solutes are gained | (1) ingestion, (2) secretion from cells, (3) respiration, (4) metabolism |
| 3 ways solutes are lost | (1) urinary excretion, (2) respiration, (3) sweating |
| Metabolic wastes | Uric acid (from nucleic acids), ammonia (amino acids), urea (ammonia & CO2) |
| What in hypothalamic thirst center triggers thirst? | Osmoreceptors losing water by osmosis to hypertonic ECF, angiotension II, etc. |
| When we drink, what satisfies thirst sensation? | mucosa moistened & stretch receptors in stomach |
| When ADH levels are low, water is __. | not reabsorbed - allowed to pass through - dilute urine |
| Decrease in ECF osmolarity __ ADH release. | inhibits |
| Increase in ECF osmolarity __ ADH release. | stimulates |
| Decrease in blood pressure causes __ to secrete ADH | posterior pituitary - large loss of blood |
| Another name for ADH | Vasopressin - because it constricts arteries & increases BP |
| oliguria | decreased urine output |
| hypotonic hydration | over hydration - cells swell - hyponatremia |
| hyponatremia | low ECF Na+ - cells swell |
| Increased capillary permeability usually due to __. | ongoing inflammatory response |
| Edema caused by hindered fluid return to blood usually reflects __. | inbalance in colloid osmotic pressures on both sides of capillary membrane. |
| Hypoproteinemia | Unusually low levels of plasma proteins - resutls in tissue edema - fluids forced out of capillary beds, but fail to return. Interstial space congested. |
| What impact does edema have cardiovascularily? | Decreases blood volume & BP |
| Electrolyte balance usually refers to? | Salt balance in body - sodium, potassium, calcium |
| pica | Appetite for abnormal substances - like chalk |
| __ "has the most to say" about renal regulation of sodium ion conentration in ECF. | aldosterone |
| 65% of Na+ in renal filtrate is reabsorbed __. | in the proximal tubules of kidneys & 25% more in loops of Henle |
| When aldosterone is __ all filtered Na+ is reabsorbed. | high |
| Aldosterone promotes both __ & __ retention. | sodium & water |
| Even though Na+ excretion always results in water excretion__. | doesn't always result in Na+ excretion. |
| Most important trigger for aldosterone release from adrenal cortex. | renin - angiotension mechanism |
| Renin-angiotension mechanism is mediated by __. | juxtaglomerular apparatus of renal tubules. |
| Renin releases from kidneys in response to? | Decrease NaCl concentration, increase BP, or ANS. |
| Renin catalyzes reactions to produce __ which prompts __ release. | angiotensin II, aldosterone |
| High renal BP & NaCl depresses release of __. | renin |
| Elevated K+ levels in ECF stimulates adrenal cortical cells __. | to release aldosterone |
| Principal effects of aldosterone. | Diminish urinary output and increases blood volume. |
| Principal effects of angiotension II. | Raise blood volume & BP. |
| People with Addison's lose __. | NaCl & water to urine. |
| Primary influence of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. | ANP - reduces BP & BV by inhibiting nearly all vasoconstriction, & Na+ & water retention. |
| natriuretic | salt excreting |
| ANP promotes | (1) excretion of Na+ & H20 by kidneys, (2) supression of ADH, renin, & aldosterone, (3) relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. |
| Estrogens are similar to __. | aldosterone - enhances NaCl reabsorption by renal tubules. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
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