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Fund of body ch10&11
Nervous system & Senses Chapters 10 & 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nerve cells are AKA | neurons |
| The axon is the portion of a neuron that | carries impulses from one neuron to the next |
| The axon is surrounded by a proctective lipoprotein called | myelin sheaths |
| The myelin sheaths allow nerve impulses to travel at | 200 miles/second(fast) |
| Unmyelinated nerve impulses travel at | 0.5 meter/second(slow) |
| A degenerative nerve disease caused by a degradation of the myelin sheaths is called | Multiple Sclerosis(MS) |
| CNS (Central Nervous System) is made up of the | brain & spinal cord |
| The brain contains | 100,000,000,000(100 billion) neurons |
| PNS (Perpheral Nervous System) is made up of | all the nerves except the brain & spinal cord |
| PNS(Perpheral Nervous System) is made of | 1.Sensory neurons AKA afferent neurons 2.Motor neurons AKD efferent neurons |
| Sensory(afferent) neurons transmit changes in the environment to the brain for | interpretation |
| Changes in the environment are called | stimuli(plural) (stimulus/singular) |
| Motor(efferent) neurons transmit commands from the brain to the | muscles to facilitate movement |
| Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | dopamine |
| A disease caused by a deficiency of dopamine is called | Parkinson's Disease(PD) |
| ANS(Autonomic Nervous System) is considered | involuntary(reflex) |
| Involuntary relexes include | choughing, choking, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting |
| The ANS(Autonomic Nervous System) is subdivided into the | Sympathetic division AKA "flight or flight reactions"---uses a neurotransmitter(chemical) called NorepinEphrine(NE) to transmit impulses(adrenalin) *The Parasympathetic division--uses a neurotransmitter called ACetylcHoline(Ach) to transmit impulses |
| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations(rest & digest) and include | *Digestive processes *Reproductive processes *Eupnea *Normal Heart Rate(HR) |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic(flight or fight) response are | *Tachycardia(fast heart rate) *Tachypnea(breathing faster) *Bronchodilation(airways open up) *Pupillary dilation(pupils get bigger) *Pallor-shunting of blood from the periphery to the large muscles of arms,legs,brain, heart, lungs |
| The largest part of the brain is called the | cerebrum |
| The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the | cerebral cortex(outer) |
| The cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called | hemispheres |
| The hemispheres are connected & communicate by the | corpus callosum |
| Sections of the brain are called | lobes |
| The frontal lobe controls | *Voluntary Muscle function(you can control) *Moods *Aggression *Smell reception(olfactory) *Motivation |
| The parietal lobes evaluate sensory stimuli such as | *Touch *Pain *Balance *Taste *Temperature |
| The temporal lobes evaluate | *Hearing input *Smell *Memory *Judgment |
| The occipital lobe functions in receiving & interpreting | visual input |
| Depression, migrains, anxiety, appetite, sexuality & bipolar disorder are influenced by the chemical neurotransmitter | serotonin |
| The second largest portion of the brain is called the | cerebellum |
| The cerebellum is located at the | posterior base of the brain |
| The cerebellum functions as a reflex center for | coordination & balance |
| The brain stem consists of the | *Medulla oblongata *Pons Varolii *Midbrain |
| The medulla & pons are responsible for controlling | *Consciousness & arousal *Regulation of diameter of blood vessels(BP) *Heart Rate(HR) *Ventilation(breathing) |
| The midbrain acts as the connection between the | cerebrum & the spinal cord |
| The thalamus is the | principal relay station for sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex(outer) |
| The hypothalamus controls | *Pituitary gland *feeling of rage & aggression *Body temperature *Thirst *Sleep *Food intake(satiation) |
| The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the | medulla oblongata |
| The length of the spinal cord is approximately | 16-18 inches |
| The function of the spinal cord is to | *Convey sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain *Conduct motor impulses from the brain to the periphery |
| Branching off the spinal cord are the | 31 paired spinal nerves |
| Most spinal nerves exit the vertebral column between the | adjacent (next to) vertebrae |
| The spinal nerves consist of | 8 cervical pairs 12 thoracic pairs 5 lumbar pairs 5 sacral pairs 1 coccygeal pair |
| The brain & spinal cord are surrounded by protective membranes called | meninges (plural)---(meninx--singular) |
| The outer-most(1st) meninx(singular) is called the | dura mater |
| The middle(2nd) menix is called the | arachnoid membrane (spider layer) |
| The inner-most(3rd) menix is called the | pia mater(delicate mother) |
| Between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane is the | subdural space |
| The subdural space contains | serous fluid(clear) |
| Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater is the | subarachnoid space |
| The subarchnoid space contains | CSF (CerebroSpinal Fluid) |
| CerebroSpinal Fluid(CSF) circulates around the brain & spinal cord through cavities called | ventricles(chambers) |
| The CSF (CerbroSpinal Fluid) serves as a | shock absorber and circulates nutrients |
| The white (opaque-light cannot pass through) portion of an eye is called the | sclera |
| The transparent(light can pass through) anterior portion of a scleral is called the | cornea |
| The colored portion of an eye is called the | iris |
| The highly vascular(lots of blood vessels) layer of an eye is called the | choroid |
| The os (opening) in the center of an iris is called a | pupil |
| A pupil that decreases in size is called | pupillary constriction |
| A pupil that increases in size is called | pupillary dilation |
| The crystalline structure located posterior to each pupil that focuses(accommodates) light on a retina is called the | crystalline lens |
| The retina is the portion of an eye that | perceives light |
| Each retina is made up of visual receptor cells called | rods & cones |
| Each retina is an extenion of an | optic nerve (opt/o-vision) |
| The optic nerves transmit visual impulses to the | thalamus (relay station) |
| The thalamus relays these impulses to the | occipital lobe for interpretation (eyes in the back of your head) |
| The anterior compartment of an eye is filled with liquid called the | aqueous humor(liquid transparent) |
| The posterior compartment of an eye is filled with liquid called the | vitreous humor(liquid transparent) |
| The external cartilagenous flap of each ear is called a | pinna AKA the auricle |
| The tube leading from each pinna(auricle) to a tympanic membrane is called the | external auditory canal |
| A tympanic membrane is AKA | eardrum |
| Each external auditory canal is lined with modified sebaceous (oil) glands that produce | cerumen AKA earwax |
| Each middle ear is made up of three Auditory(hearing) ossicles(bones) called the | 1. Malleus(hammer) 2. Incus(anvil) 3. Stapes(stirrup) (complete size at birth/never get any bigger) |
| The tubes that connect the middle ears to the pharynx (throat) for pressure equalization are called the | Eustachian tubes |
| The structure in each inner ear that is responsible for perceiving sound vibrations & conducting these vibrations to the auditory(hearing)(vestibulocochlear) nerve is called the | cochlea(plural) |
| The connection between a stapes and a cochlea is called the | oval window |
| The structure in each inner ear which aids in balance(equilibrium) is called the | labyrinth |
| Each labyrinth is made up of the | vestibule & semicircular canals |
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