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Question: def of atonomic systemAnswer: a cmplex system of nerves that govern involuntary actions, works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and normal internal functions Question: ANS: is it a convergent or a divergent Answer: divergent Question: ANS: what partis the the or flight respobnse Answer: or flight, the sympathetic Question: ANS: during sympathetic system what body functions are reduced Answer: , urination, defication, Question: ANS: what is the of sympathetic Answer: system Question: are the ANS and the SNS both part of the central and nervous system Answer: yes Question: are ANS functions or involuntary Answer: Question: somatic nervous system: uses both ____ and ____ neurons to conduct stimulus information from a sensory receptorAnswer: sensory and motor Question: somatic nervous system: what do motor neurons do Answer: they innervate skeletal muscle , sends nerve impulses Question: does the ANS utilize both and motor neurons Answer: yes Question: somatic nervous system: what do visceral sensory do Answer: provide input to activate the ANS (use pre and post fibers) blood vessels and cell visceral walls Question: somatic nervous system: type of Answer: voluntary control from the central cortex imput from the nuclei (brainstem, cerebellum and SC) Question: somatic nervous system: of neurons in pathways Answer: one in pathways, somatic motor neuron axon extends from the CNS to the effector Question: somatic nervous system: are ganglia associated with the neuronAnswer: no Question: somatic nervous system: what is the imputAnswer: general somatic senses, proprioception, senses Question: somatic nervous : are ganglia associated with the sensory imput Answer: yes, posterior root ganglia, sensory ganglia of the nerve Question: nervous system: what are the effector organs Answer: skeletal muscel Question: nervous system: what is the response to the effectors Answer: only Question: somatic nervous system: what is the releasedAnswer: (ACh) Question: somatic nervous system: what are the properties of the axon; fast or slow Answer: sheath, thick ;fast conduction Question: atonomic nervous system: what is the type of Answer: involuntary control (from brainstem, hypothalamus, system, and SC) Question: atonomic nervous system: what are the number of neurons in the Answer: two neurons, preganglionic neuron in the CNS projects an axon to ganglionic neuron, ganglionic neuron a postganglionic axon to the effector Question: atonomic nervous system: what is the ganglia associated with the motor Answer: autonomic , sympathetic trunk, prevertebral ganglia, ternminal ganglia Question: nervous system: what is the sensory imput Answer: general somatic and visceral Question: nervous system: what is the ganglia associated with sensory imput Answer: posterior root , sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves Question: nervous system: what are the effector organs Answer: cardiac muscle , smooth muscle fibers, glands Question: atonomic nervous system: what is the of the effector Answer: excitation or inhibition of effector Question: nervous system: what neurotransmitter is released Answer: ACh, Question: where is made Answer: in the adrenal Question: atonomic nervous system: WHAT ARE the axon ; conduction fast or slow Answer: preganglionic are thin and myelinated, postganglionic are thinner , slow conduction Question: ANS: the preglanglionic cell body is where Answer: in the CNS Question: ANS: the preganglionic synapses with what Answer: the ganglion Question: ANS: the autonomic ganglion is where ______ and ______ meet Answer: pre and post meet Question: ANS: the post ganglionic travels to Answer: the Question: neuron chains: when does convergence occur Answer: when axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse (converge) on a ganglionic cell Question: neuron chains: when does neuronal occurAnswer: when axons from one cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells Question: divisions of the ANS: the ANS is into what 2 divisionsAnswer: parasympathetic and Question: divisions of the ANS: how are the and sympatheitc divisions similar Answer: that they both use a preganglionic neuron and a ganglionic neuron to innervate muscles or glands, both contains the autonomic ganglia that house the ganglionic neurons, both are and concerned with body's internal function Question: of the ANS: why are the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS so different Answer: they both do drastically different Question: division: aka Answer: craniosacral ; rest and digesting division Question: parasympathetic : primary concerned with what Answer: energy and replenishing nutrient stores Question: parasympathetic division: when is it most Answer: when body is at rest or a meal Question: division: participates along with the sympatheic division in maintaining what Answer: Question: division: aka Answer: thoracolumbar ; "fight or flight" Question: division: primarily concerned with what Answer: preparing the body for Question: sympathetic division: increased sympathetic results in what Answer: increased alertness, metabolic activity necessary for these activities as well as in of fear Question: division: where are the preganglionic neurons originateAnswer: the brainstem or lateral grey matter of the s2-s4 SC (paur of places cranio sacral) Question: sympathetic : where are the preganglionic neurons originateAnswer: in the lateral horns of the T1-L2 SC regions (the division) Question: division: what CN are involved Answer: CN III (oculomotor), CN VII (facial), CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus) Question: ANS: what division the parasympathetic or sympathetic division is structually more Answer: the Question: ANS: in both PNS and SNS are the preganglionic myelinated or not; small or larger in diameter? Answer: yes, Question: ANS: in both PNS and SNS are the axons myelinated or not; small or larger? Answer: no; Question: ANS: what ganglionic neuron is longer pre or post in the Answer: pre Question: ANS: what ganglionic is longer pre or post in the sympathetic ; Answer: post Question: ANS: what division the parasympathetic or sympathetic exhibit more Answer: the Question: ANS: where are ganglionic neurons found in the divsion Answer: either the ganglia close to target organ, or intramural ganglia (with the wall of an organ) Question: ANS: where are ganglionic neurons found in the sympathetic Answer: in the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) or prevertebral) Question: ANS: what does the CN III do in to the parasympathetic systemAnswer: pupils Question: ANS: what does the CN VII do in to the parasympathetic systemAnswer: tears, nasal secretions, Question: ANS: what does the CN IX do in regards to the systemAnswer: parotid gland Question: ANS: what does the CN X do in regards to the systemAnswer: stimulates most organs, wandering, mucus production, decreases HR, decreases diameter of airways, activity of digesting organs Question: ANS: what organs are innervated by the Answer: distal portion of the intestines, most reproductive organs, bladder, distal part of teh ureter Question: ANS: innervation increases or decreases smooth muscle activity in digestive tractAnswer: Question: ANS: innervation increases or decreases erection in Male and Female in digestive tractAnswer: Question: ANS: when is parasympathetic most Answer: when body must nutrients and conserve energy Question: ANS: in the parasympathetic divsion lack of ____ in preganglionic axons prevent _______ seen in the sympathetic divisionAnswer: divergence; mass activation Question: ANS: effects of the parasympethic are discrete or widespread Answer: discrete Question: ans: sympathetic- is it more or less then the parasympethtic Answer: more Question: ans: what divsion the parasympathetic or has "mass activation"Answer: sympathetic Question: ANS: arethe left and right sympathetic trunks located Answer: pearl necklace compased of bundles of axons the pearls aret eh trunk, immediately anterior to the paired spinal , lacated lateral to the vertebral column, the p Question: ANS: sympathetic trunk- what are the Answer: the ganglia tehy the sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies Question: ANS: sympathetic trunk- one sympathetic ganglion is associated with a ___Answer: nerve Question: ANS: what is fight or Answer: in mass a large number of ganglionic neurons activate many effector organs which causes heightened sense of alertness due to stimulation of the reticular activation system Question: ANS: how are innervates Answer: through specific axon bundles called autonomic Question: ans: how does take place Answer: through Question: what is the 6th Answer: Question: name for balance is Answer: Question: def of Answer: conscious of incoming sensory info Question: a stimulus has to reach what part of the brain to result in a sesation of that Answer: the cerebral Question: are detected by what Answer: receptors Question: what are the two of receptors Answer: general , special senses Question: receptors: def of receptors Answer: temp, pain, , stretch, pressure Question: : def of special senses Answer: gustation, olfaction, vision, , audition Question: : they monitor what Answer: both external and internal environmental conditions and conduct info about those stimuli to the CNS, make us of stimulus Question: what is the receptive field of the Answer: the area through which the sensitive ends of the receptor cell are distributed Question: receptive field of the : if the field is small, is precise localization and sensitivity easily or generally determined Answer: easily Question: field of the receptor: if the field is large, is precise localization and sensitivity easily or generally determined Answer: gernal region of Question: what % of stimulus never our consiousness Answer: 99% Question: what is the sensory strip on the Answer: the post central Question: def of tonic Answer: receive and process stimuli continuously at a rate (banalce, pain) Question: def of reception Answer: quickly detect a new stimulus or change in a stimulus that has been applied (perfume ,watch) Question: sense receptors: how are the distributed inthe body Answer: the skin and organs Question: special sense receptors: how are the distributed body Answer: housed within organs in the head Question: what are the 3 used to describe receptors Answer: stimulus , receptor distribution, modality of stimulus, Question: based on the stimulus location what are the 3 of receptors Answer: , interoceptors, proprioceptors Question: : AKAAnswer: visceroceptors Question: : def Answer: detect stimulus in internal organs, stretch receptors in muscle of organs, report on pressure chemical changes in visceral tissue and temp Question: interoceptors: are we of these receptorsAnswer: no, unless a muscle stretches past a certain point Question: proprioceptors: are the located Answer: muscles, tendons anf Question: proprioceptors: what do they Answer: body and limb movemetns, skeletal contraction and stretch, and changes in joint capsule structures Question: proprioceptors: the of body position and stae of contraction is sent to where Answer: the Question: exteroceptors: detect what Answer: stimulus from the external Question: exteroceptors: are these found Answer: on skin or membrane that open to outside of body Question: exteroceptors: ____ senses are considered these Answer: Question: receptor distribution: general - arethe structually simple or complex Answer: Question: receptor distribution: senses- def of somatic Answer: with in body wall Question: receptor distribution: general - somatic- chemical Answer: respond to specific Question: receptor distribution: general senses- - def teperature Answer: respond to change in Question: receptor distribution: general - somatic- def of painAnswer: detect Question: receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def of Answer: detect fine or touch Question: receptor distribution: general senses- somatic- def of Answer: monitor changes in tesion of muscles, and joints Question: receptor : general senses- somatic- def of pressure Answer: detect mechanical or stretch Question: receptor distribution: general senses- visceral- where Answer: w/in the Question: receptor distribution: general - visceral- def of chemicals Answer: responds to certain Question: receptor : general senses- visceral- defof temperature Answer: to heat or cold Question: receptor distribution: general - visceral- tempurate- do we have far more heat or cold receptors Answer: cold Question: receptor distribution: senses- visceral- def of pressure Answer: to stretch Question: receptor distribution: special senses- are the structurally or simple Answer: Question: receptor : special senses- where are they only located Answer: in the head Question: receptor distribution: special senses- def of nAnswer: taste Question: receptor : special senses- def of olfactionAnswer: smell Question: receptor distribution: special - def of visionAnswer: perceives reflected or omitted light Question: receptor distribution: senses- def of equilibriumAnswer: maintains and balance Question: receptor : special senses- def of hearing Answer: sounds Question: modality of : aka Answer: stimulatiing Question: modality of : def of chemoreceptors Answer: tehy detect specific molecules in and internal environment including food, drink, body fluids, and inhaled air Question: of stimulus: def of thermoreceptors Answer: respond to heat change in Question: of stimulus: def of photoreceptors Answer: respond to light, color, and Question: modality of stimulus: def of Answer: to touch, pressure vibration and stretch Question: modality of : def of baroreceptors ; subtype of what Answer: respond to pressure; Question: modality of : def of nociceptors Answer: respond to Question: why does misinterpretation of pain occur Answer: it occurs when sensory impulses from two organs are conducted to the brina in a common pathway (ex heart is innervate to t1-t4 which can be referred to the medial side of the arm and pectoral region during myocardial infarction Question: what is the most type of receptor Answer: receptors Question: receptors: def Answer: mechanoreceptors the react to , pressure and vibration stimuli Question: tactile receptors: where are they Answer: in the dermis and subq Question: tactile receptors: unencapsulated- are they or complex Answer: Question: tactile receptors: - def of free nerve endings Answer: terminal of dendrites, not in CT Question: tactile receptors: unencapsulated- located Answer: in free nerve endings, root hair , tactile discs Question: tactile receptors: unencapsulated- def of the ones in root hair Answer: form a weblike sheath around hair follicles, detect light touch when hair Question: tactile receptors: - def of ones in tactile discs Answer: also colled merkel , receptors of fine touche, toward surface of skin Question: tactile receptors: encapsulated-what are the Answer: krause bulb, corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle, tactile corpuscles Question: tactile receptors: encapsulated- def of krause bulbs; where are they Answer: mucous membrane of oral and cavitiers vagina and ana l canal, detect light pressure Question: tactile receptors: encapsulated- def of corpuscles; Answer: detect deep pressure and high vibrations Question: tactile receptors: - def of ruffini corpuscles; Answer: detect both continuous depp pressure and distorion of the skin do not , tonic Question: tactile receptors: - def of tactile corpuscles ; where are they located Answer: phsic receptor for fine touch and ; found in skin, eyelids, fingertips, genitals, nipples and palms Question: def of pain Answer: sensation with body part after removal or Question: phantom pain: why does it Answer: stimulation of a sensory neuron anywhere along pathway from teh limb contimues to propagate a signal which is inerpreted as coming from removed area Question: gustation: are the receptors housed Answer: in specialized buds on the surface of the tongue Question: gustation: taste buds located on what Answer: the dorsal Question: gustation: what are the four of papillaeAnswer: , fungiform, vallate, foliate Question: def of Answer: nipple like Question: gustation: papillae- def of filiform; Answer: do not house taste buds have no sensory role; located on anterior 2/3 of the tongues Question: : papillae- def of fungiform; locationAnswer: contain only a few buds each; tip and sides of the tongue Question: gustation: papillae- def of vallate; location; Answer: aka circumvallate least numerous yet most taste buds houses within these; arranged in an inverted V shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue Question: gustation: taste buds-what is a receptor called Answer: cells Question: gustation: buds- how long do they live Answer: 7-10 Question: gustation: taste buds- when does the to taste start to decline Answer: after age Question: gustation: what is teh taste center of the Answer: the Question: gustation: the primary sensory neuron axons from gustatory cells pass from the to where Answer: nerve VII and IX Question: gustation: what are the five taste sensations Answer: salty, sweet, sour, , umami Question: : taste sensations- salty is the taste of what Answer: sodium Question: gustation: taste sensations- sweet is the of what Answer: Question: gustation: taste sensations- sour is the of what Answer: H+ Question: gustation: sensations- bitter is the taste of what Answer: guamine Question: gustation: taste - umami is the taste of what Answer: meat, Question: olfaction: olfactory nerves- what; aka Answer: odors; receptor cells Question: : supporting cells- what do they do Answer: sandwhich the olfactory nerves andsustain and the receptors Question: : basal cells- def Answer: as a stem cell to replace olfactory epithelium componets Question: olfaction: how many different can is recognize Answer: 50-60 Question: olfaction: what cranial nerve is it with Answer: 1 Question: olfaction: it helps give us a of what other special sense Answer: taste Question: : what do visual receptors do Answer: they detect lgiht, , and movement Question: vision: what is the of accessory structures of the eye Answer: provide superficial covering over its anterior exposed surface, foreign objects from coming into contact with teh eye, keep the exposed surface moist clean and lubricated Question: vision: what keeps the exposed surface clean and lubricatedAnswer: gland Question: :what provides superficial covering over its anterior exposed surfaceAnswer: conjunctiva Question: vision: what prevents foreign objects from into contact with teh eyeAnswer: eyebrows, eyelasehes, Question: vision: lgiht comes through ; Answer: the Question: vision: the cornea to whereAnswer: the Question: : the choroid continues to whereAnswer: iris Question: : is the cornea vascular or avascular Answer: a vascular Question: vision: the cornea gets is from where Answer: on teh outside Question: vision: what creats Answer: gladns Question: : the posterios cavity is filled with what Answer: humor Question: : the anterior cavity is filled with what Answer: humor Question: vision: the anterior chamber starts where and ends Answer: iris to Question: vision: the posterior starts where and ends where Answer: the lens to the iris Question: vision: the internal space of the eye is subdivided by the ____ into 2 cavities Answer: Question: vision: anterior cavity is Answer: space anteror to the and psterior to the cornea Question: vision: the anterior cavity is further divided into ___ by the _____Answer: ; iris Question: vision: humor: what cavity contains this Answer: the cavity Question: vision: humor: what does it do Answer: remove waste products and helps maintain the chemical environment within the and posterior chabers of the eye Question: vision: aqueous humor: it where and then flows where Answer: chaber, through the posterior chamber around the lends down throug the pupil into the anterior chamber Question: vision: humor: located; def Answer: posterior is posterior to lens; transparent gelatinous vitreous body which completely fills the space between the lnds and retina Question: : visual pathways: def Answer: each nerve conducts visual stimulus info and the optic chasm some axons decussate (criss-cross), the optic tract on each side then contains axons from both eyes, visual stimulus info is procedded by the thalamus the interpretated Question: vision: visual : optic nerve cross where Answer: at the chasm Question: vision: eye : shape; is it hollow Answer: spherical; Question: vision: eye structure: lens Answer: transparent structure with organelle-less cells filled with called crystallin, focuses incoming light onto retina Question: vision: eye structure: what are the 3 from the wall of the eye from superficial to deepAnswer: fivrous , vascular tunic, neural tunic Question: vision: eye structure: tunic- what structures are located here Answer: , cornea Question: vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- what are located here Answer: iris, ciliary body, Question: vision: eye structure: neural tunic- what are located here Answer: Question: vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- def of Answer: fibrous white layer of eye Question: vision: eye structure: fibrous tunic- cornea- shape; what line itAnswer: convex to refract light; simple epithelium Question: vision: eye structure: fibrous - cornea: it continues with what and ajoins to what Answer: the ; the sclera Question: vision: eye structure: tunic- cornea: exterior epithelial receives nutrients from where Answer: lacrimal secretions and axygen from environment Question: vision: eye : fibrous tunic- cornea: interior epithelial receives nutrients from where Answer: humor Question: : eye structure: vascular tunic- akaAnswer: Question: vision: eye : vascular tunic- def of choroid Answer: houses capillaries which supply reitna,cells filled with pigment which can extra light Question: vision: eye structure: tunic- def of ciliary bodyAnswer: bonads of smooth muscle organized into a ring and suspensory ligaments that suport and give to the eye Question: : eye structure: vascular tunic- def of iris Answer: colored disc with pupil in whic his controled by sphincter muscle Question: vision: eye structure: vascular tunic- iris- by what ANS division does it constrict; by what does it dilateAnswer: parasympathetic; Question: vision: eye structure: neural - def Answer: the nervous that receives lgiht on the nerve endings on CN II Question: Hearing: the ear is divided into what 3 anotomical Answer: external ear, middle ear, inner Question: Hearing: def of external ear; what structures are here Answer: located mostly on teh body; auricle, external auditory canal, terminates at teh tympanic membrane Question: Hearing: def of middle ear; what are located here Answer: tympanic cavity, auditorytube, auditory Question: Hearing: def of ; what structures are located here Answer: semicircle cochlea Question: : inner ear- movement of the inner ear fluid results in what Answer: the sansations of heaing and or balance Question: hearing : the middle ear- the tympanic cavity maintains an open with the atmosphere therough what Answer: the auditory Question: hearing : the middle ear- tubes- opens into what Answer: the nasopharync from teh middle Question: hearing : the middle ear- eustachiam tubes- air through these tubees allows what Answer: the pressure to equalize on both sides of the tympanic Question: hearing : the middle ear- the cavity of the middle ear houses what Answer: the Question: hearing : the middle ear- what are the names for the 3 Answer: malleus (hammer), (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup) Question: hearing : the middle ear- what is the air region called Answer: the cavity Question: hearing : the middle ear- what does teh bony wall that the oval and round window do Answer: they separate the ear from the inner ear Question: hearing : the inner ear- what is the bony Answer: lacated with in the petrous portion of the bone theses are tiny spaces or cavities Question: hearing : the inner ear- what is teh vestibular made of ; def Answer: the stibule and semicircular canals together this complex ; cotains 2 saclike membranous labyrinth arts, the utricle and saccule interconnected through a narrowpathway Question: hearing : the ear-the semicircular canals - what is the name for the membraneous labyrinthAnswer: duct Question: hearing : the inner ear- the cochlea houses a labrynth called what Answer: the duct Question: hearing : the ear- membranous labyrunth- def , what is housed herAnswer: in teh bony labyrinth this membranelined fluid filled tubes and spaces ; receptors for and heariing Question: equilibrium: rotation of the head wjat Answer: the endolymph with int the semicircular canal to push the cupula covering the hair cells resulting in bending of the sterocilia and initiation of a nerve impulse Question: equilibrium: what 2 structures report on the postions of the head ans Answer: and saccule Question: equilibrium: what reports directional in teh x,yand z plane Answer: the 3 semicircular Question: structures for hearing: where are they houses; what organ is responsible for hearing and is it located Answer: w/in the cochlea in bother inner ears, they are snail shpaed in the bonesorgan of corti (spiral organ) within the membraneous labyrinth Question: hearing: sound comes in an shakes ___ then goes into the filled reginAnswer: membrane Question: def of defness Answer: we dont;s get Question: heairng: the louder the sound the _ the wave Answer: Question: hearing: membrane vibrations casue whatAnswer: movement by the auditory and sound waves are amplified Question: : how are pressures waves generated Answer: when the moves w/in the oval window Question: hearing: the sound waves displace one region of ____ Answer: membrane Question: hearing: gains cells in teh spiral organs detect the wave movement anf convert the stilumlus to what Answer: a nerve impulse which travels to the nerve Question: : def Answer: secrete gladns produce secretions that into ducts opening onto an epithelial surface (sweatm saliva) Question: : def Answer: ductless organs that secrete molecules directly into the blood stream (loacated in highly vascular regions so that enter the bloodstream immediately)(hormones) Question: glands: do endocrine or exocrine lack Answer: endocrine Question: : hormones act as what Answer: chemical messengers to influence cell elsewhere in teh bod Question: endocrine: hypothalamus what hormonesAnswer: oxytocin, antidiuretic Question: endocrine: pituitary produces what Answer: thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, ocytocin, growth , Question: : hthyroid produces what hormones Answer: thyroid hormone Question: endocrine: adrenal glands produces what Answer: corticosteroids Question: endocrine: parathyroid produces what Answer: hormone Question: endocrine: adrenal medulla what hormonesAnswer: Question: endocrine: produces what hormonesAnswer: insulin, Question: endocrine: what hormonesAnswer: melatonin Question: endocrine: produces what hormonesAnswer: , thymosis Question: : kidneysproduces what hormonesAnswer: renin Question: endocrine: heart what hormonesAnswer: Question: endocrine: produces what hormonesAnswer: ovaries estrogein,testes |
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