68WM6 Ph 2 GU Word Scramble
A O L U E ' C S P W A M S N B
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| Question | Answer |
| cuplike structure that collects the glomerular filtrate | bowman's capsule |
| normal PSA | 4 mg per dl |
| conditions that can result in urinary frequency | infection, disease of urinary tract, metabolic disease, hypertension, medications |
| loss of voluntary voiding control resulting in urinary retention | neurogenic bladder |
| most commonly used urinary diagnostic test | routine urinalysis |
| females be come more prone to this urinary issue with aging | UTI's |
| Loop diuretics can generally decrease blood concentration of ____________ and increase blood concentration of ___________ ______________ such as BUN, serum glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and cholesterol | electrolytes, metablolic byproducts |
| urinary tract antispasmodic used in the treatment of BPH | alfuzosin (uroxatral) |
| provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder | internal sphincter |
| genetic disorder where multiple fluid filled cysts slowly replace much of the kidney | polycystic kidney disease |
| urea in the blood can cause this uncomfortable side effect | pruritis (itching) |
| thiazide like diuretics | chlorthalidone (hygroton, thalitone), indapamide (lozol), metolazone (mykrox, zaroxolyn) |
| methenamine is converted to ___________ in the urine | formaldehyde |
| urinary analgesics | pyridium, prosed DS |
| a patient with UTI should be encouraged to __________ oral fluid intake | increase |
| blood exits the glomerulus via which areteriole | efferent |
| patients on diuretics should have these lab values monitored frequently | potassium, blood glucose, BUN, serum uric levels |
| conditions that can result in neurogenic bladder | congenital anomaly, neurological disease, trauma |
| medications used to enhance urinary output | diuretics |
| provides information regarding the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine | osmolality |
| commonly used urinary tract antispasmodics | oxybutynin oral or transdermal |
| diaphoresis, flushing, and nausea followed by episodes of urinary incontinence would be indicative of | spastic bladder |
| these activities should be avoided in acute prostatitis | arousal, sexual intercourse |
| this test is an excellent indicator of renal function and determines efficiency of kidneys clearing creatinine from blood | urine creatinine clearance |
| men become more prone to UTI's with aging because of this | decreased bactericidal secretion from the prostate |
| catheter choice of urinary obstruction is dependent on | location of obstruction |
| signs/symptoms of bladder or urinary tract infection | urinary discomfort, rash, lower abdominal pain, fever/chills, cloudy or foul smelling urine |
| signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis | flank pain, nausea and vomiting related to pain |
| urinary tract stimulants are contraindicated | mechanical obstruction of GI or GU tract |
| urine output less than 100ml per day | anuria |
| bed wetting | enuresis |
| before IVP (intravenous pyelogram) the nurse should determine if a patient has an allergy to | iodine, saltwater fish, vegetables |
| average hourly output of urine for an adult | 30cc |
| stones in the ureter | ureterolithiasis |
| voiding occurs more often than normal | frequency |
| removal of stone from renal pevis | pyelolithotomy |
| in this prostatectomy the approach is low on the abdomen and leaves the bladder intact | retropubic prostatectomy |
| this test determines the kidney's ability to rid the blood of urea | BUN |
| severe generalized edema | anasarca |
| a continuous layer of cells that line the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder | transitional epithelium |
| performed through the skin to directly visualize the upper urinary structures | nephroscopy |
| patients taking pyridium should be warned about this odd side effect | bright orange urine |
| how much does the normal bladder hold? | 750 to 1000 mL of urine |
| these medications are used to treat urinary retention (nonobstructive) | urinary tract stimulants |
| lightly bound network of capillaries | glomerulus |
| passage of gas in urine during voiding | pneumaturia |
| causes of urinary obstruction | strictures, kinks, cysts, tumors, calculi, BPH |
| signs and symptoms of hypokalemia | weakness, numbness, tingling, parasthesia, confusion, excessive thirst |
| normal creatinine clearance | 80-139 ml per minute |
| signs and symptoms of prostatitis | burning, perineum discomfort, dysuria, frequency and urgency, URINARY RETENTION |
| most common cause of nonspecific urethritis | chalmydia |
| this electrolyte imbalance can cause enhanced digitalis glycoside toxicity | hypokalemia |
| how is urethritis classified | by presence or absence of gonorrhea |
| loop diuretics | bumetanide (bumex), furosemide (lasix), toresemide (demadex) |
| normal BUN | 10-20 mg per dl |
| renal function compromise in polycystic kidney disease is caused by | pressure, secondary infection, tissue scarring from cyst rupture |
| what is the normal pH range of urine | 4.6-8.0 |
| possible complications of urinary obstruction | electrolyte imbalance, infection (from urine stasis), ischemia (due to compression), atrophy of renal tissue |
| chronic pyelonephritis is most commonly associated with | recurrent infections or chronic obstruction |
| methods for preventing urinary tract infections | increased fluid intake, avoid coffee, tea, colas, and alcohol, shower rather than bathe, wipe from front to back, avoid irritating substances, wear cotton underwear, void every 2 to 3 hours |
| loss of voluntary bladder control resulting in urinary retention or incontinence | neurogenic bladder |
| loop diuretics are contraindicated | uncorrected electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma, anuria |
| signs of super infection | black, furry overgrowth on tongue; vaginal itching or discharge; loose or foul smelling stools; allergic reaction |
| a catheter inserted into the kidney pelvis for drainage | nephrostomy |
| measurement of excreted substances by the kidney during a 24 hour period | 24 hour urine |
| caused by a lesion above the voiding reflex arc resulting in bladder wall atrophy and decreased capacity | spastic bladder |
| causes of urinary retention in both males and females | obstruction, postoperative, trauma, medication side effect, fecal impaction, infection |
| potassium sparing diuretics are contraindicated | hyperkalemia |
| these diuretics counteract potassium loss caused by thiazide and loop diuretics | potassium sparing diuretics |
| commmon cause of nonsocomial urinary tract infections | catheters |
| rectangular area created from ligaments that suspends and anchors the bladder within the pelvic and pubic bones | trigone |
| general term the encompasses all urinary calculi | urolithiasis |
| removal of ston from renal parenchyma (tissue) | nephrolithotomy |
| lies beneath the cortex and is darker in color; contains the triangular pyramids | renal medulla |
| factors that increase the risk of renal tumors | gender, smoking, family history, preexisting renal disorders |
| strange side effect of potassium sparing diuretics | bluish urine |
| side effect of ocybutynin that males specifically should be warned about | impotence |
| conditions that can result in nocturia | decrease renal concentration ability, heart failure, diabetes mellitus |
| mesh like tube or coil inserted via cystoscopy to regain patency of ureter | ureteral stent |
| a patient with chronic renal failure may have lost this percentage of function before symptoms develop | 80 |
| this test measures creatinine levels in blood | serum creatinine |
| nonbacterial prostatitis results from _______ of the urethra | occlusion |
| alkylating or acidifying agents instilled to dissolve stone | chemolysis |
| this supplement can help to acidify urine | vitamin C |
| these diuretics increase excreation of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule | thiazide like diuretics |
| residual urinary retention greater than 50mL indicates | urinary retention |
| to verify passsage of stone, what must be done to urine? | straining |
| to avoid rapid decompression of bladder, drainage should be stopped at | 1000 mL |
| common adverse side effect of thiazide diuretics in diabetics | hyperglycemia |
| signs and symptoms of renal tumors | intermittent hematuria, weight loss, dull flank pain, mass in flank, fatigue |
| potassium replacement should be administered if levels are below | 3mg/dL |
| chronic conditions that increase a patient's risk of urinary tract infections | diabetes, MS, spinal cord injuries, hypertension, kidney disease |
| weakened musculature in the bladder and urethra, diminished neurological sensation, and decreased bladder capacity are effects of this on the urinary system | aging |
| infection/inflammation of the kidney | pyelonephritis |
| these diuretics are appropriate for the prevention of renal calculi composed of uric acid or cystine, prevention of altitude sickness, treatment of increased intraocular pressure, and to decrease the frequency of seizures | carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics |
| surrounds the male urethra | prostate |
| antibiotics commonly used for treatment of cystitis | septra, bactrim, macrodantin |
| a medical procedure for the removal of elements from the blood through an external semipermeable membrane or the peritoneum | dialysis |
| oral diuretics should be administered at what time of day | morning |
| infection/inflammation of the prostate | prostatitis |
| kidney failure develops when large numbers of ________________ are destroyed | nephrons |
| substances commonly measured in a 24 hour urine | protein, creatinine, urea, uric acid, catecholamines |
| narrow points of the pyramids that drain into the calyces | palilla |
| a patient with chronic renal failure will smell like | urine |
| signs and symptoms of urolithiasis | flank pain, hematuria, pyuria, vomiting, hydronephrosis |
| hormones secreted by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells | erythropoietin |
| these diuretics are used as ADJUNCTS in the treatment of oliguric renal failure, edema, increased intracranial pressure, and toxic overdose | osmotic diuretics |
| treatment for renal tumors includes | surgery (nephrectomy), radiation, chemotherapy |
| urine with protein in it can appear | foamy |
| pain in this area is a key sign of pyelonephritis | costovertebral angle |
| urinary retention or hesitancy in males is frequently caused by this | benign prostatic hypertropy |
| age group and gender in which renal calculi are most common | 20-30 year old males |
| urinary antiseptic used to treat gram positive and negative microbes, common side effects include, loss of apppetite and nausesa/vomiting | nitrofuratoin |
| caused by a lesion of a lower motor neuron resulting in distension with urine stasis and incomplete emptying, and loss of urge to foid | flaccid bladder |
| just beneath the capsule and contains 1.25 million renal tubules | renal cortex |
| blood in the urine | hematuria |
| used to confirm suspected infections, identify causative organisms, determine appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and periodically screen urine for infection | culture and sensitivity |
| measurement of the weight of the solvent compared with the weight of the solute | osmolality |
| low urine output less than 400ml per day | oliguria |
| most common procedure for relief of BPH | transurethral resection of prostate |
| which prostatectomy procedure provides access to pelvic lymph nodes? | retropubic prostatectomy |
| bacteria in the urine | bacteriuria |
| exercises that can be helpful in mitigating incontinence in female patients | kegels |
| proscar (finasteride) is contraindicated | women |
| patient may be asked to void during this procedure | voiding cystourethrography |
| cause of hydronephrosis | obstruction |
| urinary antiseptic used to treat gram negative microbes only; common side effects include vertico, weakness, nausea, and vomiting | quinolone (nalidixic acid) |
| large volumes of urine voided in a given time | polyuria |
| in this prostatectomy the prostate is removed via the urethra | tranurethral prostatectomy |
| continent urinary diversion technique | ileal urinary resoirvoir |
| causes of urinary retention in males | benign prostatic hypertrophy, strictures, foreign bodies, phimosis, urethritis |
| secretes alkaline fluid that helps neutralize seminal fluid and increases sperm motility | prostate |
| potassium sparing diuretics | amiloride (midamor), spironolactone (aldactone), triamterene (dyrenium) |
| contains layer of smooth and involuntary muscle that contracts to expel bladder contents through the urethra | bladder wall |
| side effects of androgen inhibitors that the patient should understand | decreased libido, decreased ejaculate volume, impotence |
| peritoneal dialysis is contraindicated | systemic inflammatory disease, previous abdominal surgery, chronic back pain |
| what kind of specimen is required for a urine creatinine clearance | 24 hour |
| what is the treatment for polycystic kidney disease | relief of pain and symptoms, no cure |
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic | acetazolamide |
| a general feeling of tiredness or listlessness | asthenia |
| prolonged pressure associated with hydronephrosis can result in | renal fibrosis and loss of function |
| antihypertensive used in the treatment of BPH | terazosin hydrochloride (Hytrin) |
| four types of urinary incontinence | stress, urge, overflow, functional |
| antispasmodics used for patients with urinary retention | uroxatol, ditropan, detrol, detro LA |
| most common site of cysts in polycystic kidney disease | collecting ducts |
| composed of the kidneys, renal pelvis, and ureters | upper urinary tract |
| excessive urination at night | nocturia |
| evaluates blood supply to the kidneys, evaluates masses and detects potential complications after renal transplant | renal angioogram |
| between the ages of 40 and 70, the filtering mechanism of the kidneys becomes ____ _______ | less efficient |
| outer covering of the kidney made of strong connective tissue | renal capsule |
| what is the normal specific gravity of urine? | 1.005 -1.030 |
| normal serum creatinine | 0.5 to 1.2 mg per dl |
| urinary antiseptic; broad strectrum effective against gram positive or negative organisms | fluoroquinolone |
| the key objective difference between BPH and prostate cancer | feeling of prostate, boggy and enlarged with BPH, firm and possible nodules, with cancer |
| conditions that can result in dysuria | infection of lower urinary tract, irritation following intercourse, bath and feminine hygiene products |
| causes of acute renal failure | thrombosis in renal arteries, sever hypotension, burns, sepsis, blood transfusion reactions |
| what type of organism most commonly causes UTI's | gram negative bacteria |
| most common cause of pyelonephritis | e. coli |
| these diuretics cause loss of sodium bicarbonate and calcium while saving potassium and hydrogen ions at the distal tubule | potassium sparing |
| normal volume of residual urine | less than 50ml |
| osmotic diuretics can be given to treat this electrolyte deficiency | hypomagnesemia |
| thiazide diuretics | chlorothiazide (diuril), hydrochlorothiazide (esidrex) |
| these diuretics increase the kidney's filtration of sodium and water and promote the excretion of chloride, potassium, magnesium, and bicarbonate | thizide diuretics |
| possible sytemic side effect of alfuzosin (uroxatral) | hypotension |
| this portion of the culture and sensitivity can reliably differentiate between infection and contamination of a clean catch | colony count |
| What are the 4 functions of the urinary system? | excrete waste products, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain acid base balance, secrete erythropoietin |
| causes of chronic renal failure | chronic kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, diabetes mellitus, congenital abnormalities, lupus, hypertension |
| a notch found near the center of the medial border where the ureter blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney | hilus |
| medications usued in the treatment of urinary incontinence | ditropan, dibenzaline, urecholine, detrol |
| clinical manifestations of chronic glomerulonephritis | anasarca, headaches (in morning), hypertension, visual disturbances, cerebral edema, heart failure, dyspnea, nocturia, proteinuria, anemia |
| conditions that can result in urinary hesitancy | urethral compression, outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder (trauma) UTI |
| possible complications of ureteral stent placement | diabetes insipidus, dehydration |
| osmotic diuretics are contraindicated | anuria, dehydration, ACTIVE INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING |
| dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces | hydronephrosis |
| how long are antibiotic administered for prostatitis? | 4 to 12 weeks |
| surgical removal of kidney | nephrectomy |
| stones in the kidney | nephrolithiasis |
| secreted water and electrolyes and waste products travel through the collecting duct and out of the kidney as this | urine |
| signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis | periorbital edema, visual disturbanses, nausea, anorexia, anemia, nosebleeds, headache, irritability, malaise, edema, dyspnea, hematuria, oliguria, anuria, nocturia, flank pain/tenderness |
| cause of urinary retention seen only in females | retroverted uterus |
| signs and symptoms of cystitis | urgency, frequency, dysuria, perineal and suprapubic pain, nocturia, hematuria, chills and fever |
| common side effect of contrast injection | flushing, metallic taste |
| in this prostatectomy the approach is through the bladder | suprapubic prostatectomy |
| the kidneys are surrounded by a layer of this kind of tissue | adipose |
| painful or difficult urination | dyruria |
| proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema along with anorexia, fatigue, and alteration of renal function would be indicative of | nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) |
| signs and symptoms of urethritis | dysuria, frequency, pruritis, urethral discharge, NO FEVER |
| stones in the bladder | cystolithiasis |
| glomerulonephritis can cause this, which can lead to cerebral and cardiac complications | hypertension |
| the buildup of nitrogenous waste products in the blood | azotemia |
| diet for nephrotic syndrome | low sodium, high protein |
| extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior | urethra |
| mouth should be rinsed following administration of nitrofurantoin to prevent this | teeth staining |
| this prostatectomy is one of the most effective ways of curing cancer | radical perineal prostatectomy |
| routine urinalysis can be used to test these things | color, clarity, odor, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, RBC's and WBC's |
| visual examination to inspect, treat, evaluate, or diagnose disorders of the urinary bladder and proximal structures | cystoscopy |
| alfuzosin (uroxatral) is contraindicated | hepatic impairment, alpha blockers, renal impairment, women or children |
| most common site of cancer in the urinary tract | bladder |
| conditions that can result in urgency | inflammatory lesions, bacterial infections, chronic prostatitis |
| signs and symptoms of polycystic kidney disease | flank pain, HEADACHE, GI upset, voiding disturbances, recurrent uti's, hypertension |
| performed with a nylon brush via a urethral catheter during a cystoscopy | brush biopsy |
| osmotic diuretic | mannitol (osmitrol, resectisol) |
| how much fluid can safely be used for irrigation of a nephrostomy tube | 5mL |
| infection/inflammation of the urinary bladder | cystitis |
| strong desire to urinate | urgency |
| these medications are used to treat frequent urination, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, and overactive bladder | urinary tract antispasmodics (anticholinergics) |
| these diuretics are appropriate for use in the treatment of hypertensions, edema from CHF, or from hepatic or renal disease | loop (high ceiling) diuretics |
| causes of cystitis | urethral reflux, diagnostic studies, fecal contamination (e. coli), catheters, sexual intercourse |
| an organ specific glycoprotein produced by normal prostate tissue | PSA |
| indications for hemodialysis | severe renal failure, acute poisoning, metabolic acidosis, sever volume overload |
| urinary antiseptic used to suppress fungi and gram positive or negative organisms; used to prevent reinfection after antibiotic use and rarely causes side effects | methenamine (mandelamine) |
| a circular band of skeletal muscle that is under voluntary control located at the end of the urethra | external sphincter |
| these diuretics are given to control pregnancy related seizures | osmotic diuretics |
| trauma to the urethra can result in | strictures |
| false positive PSA can be caused by | tissue manipulation |
| a patient taking thiazide diuretics is experiencing the desired effects of the medication if | blood pressure decreases, edema decreases, urine output increases |
| by the time prostate cancer causes urinary symptoms, this has usually already occurred | metastasis |
| these diuretics are used alone or in combination in the treatment of hypertension and edema due to CHF, renal dysfunction, cirrhosis, corticosteroid therapy, and estrogen therapy | thiazide diuretics |
| conditions that can result in urinary incontinence | infection, sphincter damage, spinal damage, congenital defects, bladder trauma |
| glomerulonephritis is usually treated with | antibiotics (to prevent infection), diuretics, antihypertensives, vitamins, iron supplements, corticosteroids |
| diet for glomerulonephritis | low protein, low sodium |
| these medications for urinary retention mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate gastric motility and micturation | urinary tract stimulants (cholinergics) |
| most common urinary diversion following cystectomy | ileal conduit |
| antidote for cholinergics | atropine |
| these two heavy metals are nephrotixic | lead, mercury |
| Which kidney is located anatomically lower than the other kidney? | right kidney |
| radiological procedure to evaluate the size, structure and position of the urinary tract structures | KUB (kidney ureter bladder) |
| at risk age group for prostate cancer | over 50 |
| commonly used urinary tract stimulants | bethanechol chloride (urecholine); neostigmine (prostigmin) |
| oxybutynin is contraindicated | glaucoma, intestinal obstruction, toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, myasthenia gravis, hemorrhage/shock, obstructive uropathy |
| bladder, urethra, pelvis floor muscles | lower urinary tract |
| terminal stage of renal failure | uremia |
| recovery from acute renal failure may take this long | one year |
| signs and symptoms of BPH | urinary retention, hematuria, oliguria, renal insufficiency |
| infection/inflammation of the urethra | urethritis |
| excessive urination at night | nocturia |
| factors that increase risk for renal calculi | immobility, hyperparathyroid (overproduction of calcium), recurrent UTI, dehydration, excessive vitamin D intake, osteoporosis |
| these medications provide relief from pain, itching, burning, urgency, and frequency associated with infection or urologic procedures | urinary tract analgesics |
| blood enters the glomerulus via which arteriole | afferent |
| following cystoscopy, what should the nurse encourage? | increased oral hydration |
| pus in the urine | pyuria |
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| noninvasive procedure used to identify the kidney's shape, size, location, collecting systems, and adjacent tissues | ultrasound |
| thiazide diuretics are contraindicated | anuria, lactation |
| desired effects of diuretics | decreased blood pressure, increased urine output, decreased edema, decreased intracranial pressure |
| pyridium is contraindicated | glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, uremia, renal failure, G6PD deficiency |
| the volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a pt voids | residual urine |
| a substance that causes destruction of the kidney | nephrotoxin |
| androgen inhibitor used in the treatment of BPH | finasteride (proscar) |
| removal of stone from ureter | ureterolithotomy |
| examination of the lower urinaty tract with a sterile cystoscope | retrograde pyelography |
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