Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HESI-A2 ANATOMY
Anatomy Questions for HESI entrance exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right. | Sagittal |
| A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections. | Coronal |
| A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions. | Transverse |
| This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. | dorsal |
| This body cavity includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities. | Ventral |
| Study of tissues | histology |
| Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions. | Tissue |
| The 4 fundamental tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve |
| Tissue that covers, lines & protects the body and its internal organs | epithelial tissue |
| Tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs. | connective tissue |
| Tissue composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are called neuralgia | nerve tissue |
| Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary. | muscle tissue |
| voluntary muscle tissue | skeletal muscle tissue |
| Involuntary muscle tissue | smooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue |
| Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs | cell |
| ______ include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body. | proteins |
| Where does meiosis take place? | gonads |
| Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of ______ tissue | Epithelial |
| What is replaced by bone during embryonic development? | cartilage |
| ______ is mainly found in joints, thorax & various rigid tubules. | Cartilage |
| The largest organ of the body | skin |
| Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles. | dermis |
| Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer: | Stratum corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum |
| Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs | stratum germinativum |
| Protein pigment that protects against the suns radiation | melanin |
| The layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands. | dermis |
| Two types of sweat glands | eccrine & apcorine |
| Sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin. | eccrine |
| Sweat glands that are mainly in the groin and armpits and contain bits of cytoplasm in the secretion | apocrine |
| The ______ skeleton is make up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) & the lower extremity. | lower appendicular skeleton |
| List the bones of the os coxae | ilium, ischium, & pubis |
| Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of what 2 filaments within the muscle cell or fiber? | actin & myosin |
| What are myofibrils made up of? | sarcomeres |
| What must be present for muscles to contract? | ATP & calcium |
| Skeletal muscle = ______ muscle | voluntary |
| Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers. | Synergists |
| Muscles that reduce the angle at the joint. | flexors |
| Muscles that increase the angle at the joint. | extensors |
| The ______ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord & nerves. | nervous |
| What are the main parts of a neuron? | cell body, dendrite, axon |
| ______ of a neuron transmit impulse toward the body of the cell. | dendrites |
| ______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body. | axon |
| The 2 parts of the nervous system | CNS & PNS |
| The division of the nervous system that consists of all of the nerves that transmit info to & from the central nervous system. | PNS |
| 2 divisions of the PNS | Sensory (afferent) neurons & Motor (efferent) neurons |
| Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS. | sensory (afferent) neurons |
| Neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS, and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organs | motor (efferent) neurons |
| The major parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata |
| Part of the brain associated with movement & sensory input | cerebrum |
| Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination | cerebellum |
| Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration & heart rate | medulla oblongata |
| How long is the spinal cord? | 18 inches |
| The spine extends from the ______ to the ______. | foramen magnum (base of the skull), L1 or L2 |
| There are ______ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. | 31 |
| The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only & don't reach the brain. | Simple reflexes |
| The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. | sensory |
| The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord | motor |
| The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis | endocrine system |
| The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation | endocrine system |
| The gland that governs the pituitary & is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood. | hypothalamus |
| Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation & metabolism of specific target cells. | hormones |
| 2 major groups of hormones | steroid hormones & protein hormones |
| The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus. | Steroid hormones |
| The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMP | Protein hormones |
| Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of __________. | protein synthesis |
| The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces ______, raises ______ and inhibits release of _______. | body temperature, blood sugar level, histamine |
| The master gland | pituitary gland |
| The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ________. | infundibulum |
| 2 major portion of the pituitary gland | anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). |
| Hormones of the adenohypophysis | tropic hormones |
| STH, GH, ACTH, THS, FSH, LH are all hormones of _________. | anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) |
| Oxytocin & ADH are hormones of ______. | posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) |
| Whole blood: ______ whole blood & ______ formed parts. | 55%, 45% |
| What make up the formed elements of blood? | erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets |
| What are ways to distinguish leukocytes? | size, nucleus, staining properties, & presence/absence of visual cytoplasmic granules |
| Leukocytes are active in ______ & ______. | phagocytosis & antibody formation |
| _____ are active in blood clotting. | platelets |
| Blood serves to transport _____ & _____ to body cells and to carry away ______ & ______. | oxygen & nutrients; CO2 & metabolic wastes |
| ______ contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products & hormones. | proteins |
| Double pump organ | heart |
| The heart sends blood to the lungs for ______ through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder through the ______ circuit. | oxygenation; systemic circuit |
| Where blood is received | atria |
| After blood is received by the atria, it is pumped into circulation by the ______. | ventricles |
| Valve on the right side of the heart | tricuspid |
| Valve on the left side of the heart | bicuspid |
| _______ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk & aorta. | Semilunar |
| Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the ______. | coronary arteries |
| Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the _______. | coronary sinus |
| The hears intrinsic beat is initiated by the ______. | SA node |
| Device that measures the hearts wave of electrical activity | ECG |
| The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction. | cardiac cycle |
| The contraction phase of ventricular cycle | systole |
| The relaxation phase of ventricular contraction | diastole |
| carry blood away from the heart | arteries |
| carry blood toward the heart | veins |
| Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood & cells of the body | capillaries |
| The systemic arteries begin with the ______, which sends branches to all parts of the body. | aorta |
| The smallest arteries | arterioles |
| As arteries get further away from the heart, they become ______. | thinner |
| The large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart. | superior & inferior venae cavae |
| The walls of the ______ are thick & elastic and carry blood under high pressure. | arteries |
| Vasoconstriction & vasodilation result from constriction & relaxation of ________ in the arterial walls. | smooth muscle |
| Vasoconstriction & vasodilation influence _____ & blood distribution to ________. | blood pressure; tissues |
| Walls of ________ are thinner, less elastic & carry blood under lower pressure than arteries. | veins |
| Mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart: (3) | Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins; expansion of the chest during inhalation; valves in veins of legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction |
| Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs & alveoli are all components of the ________ system. | respirator system |
| What part of the brain controls respiration? | medulla |
| The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli. | external respiration |
| The exchange of gasses between blood and body cells. | internal respiration |
| _______ passage ways of the nasal cavity serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air. | Upper |
| The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ that keep dirt & debris from entering the lungs. | cilia |
| The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity & draw air into the lungs. | inhalation |
| The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. | exhalation |
| Apocrine glands secretion traps debris & bacteria causing _________. | odor |
| Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying. | Sebaceous gland |
| Oil is produced by ______ secretion. | holocrine |
| Bones are classified by ______. | shape |
| What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy bone & a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone | long bone |
| Cells that form compact bone | osteoblasts |
| Axial skeleton consists of ______ bones of the skull. | 28 |
| The bones of the axial skeleton are categorized as ______. | 14 facial bones & 14 cranium bones |
| List the 14 facial bones | 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, one mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae |
| 14 bones of the cranium | occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of the ear (mallus, incus, stapes) |
| The axial skeleton also holds ______ bones of the vertebral column. | 33 |
| # of cervical vertebrae | 7 |
| # of thoracic vertebrae | 12 |
| # of lumbar vertebrae | 5 |
| # of sacral vertebrae | 5 |
| Another name for coccygeal bone | tail bone |
| Skeleton that houses girdles & limbs | appendicular skeleton |
| The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula & upper extremity are housed in the __________. | upper appendicular skeleton |
| Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to _________ in RBC's. | hemoglobin |
| Regulator of blood pH | CO2 |
| The digestive tube | alimentary canal |
| Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, recutm & anus are components of the ____________. | alimentary canal/digestive tract |
| Accessory organs of digestion | liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
| Mechanical process of breaking down food with the teeth & tongue | mastication |
| Substance that lubricates & dilutes chewed food | saliva |
| Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion of complex carbohydrates | amylase |
| A ball of food | bolus |
| Narrow tube leading from the pharynx to stomach | esophagus |
| 4 main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer) | mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer and serous layer |
| After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete ________ that breaks down food. | hydrocholoric acid |
| The stomach churns & mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called ______. | chyme |
| the stomach regulates the movement of food into the ______. | small intestine |
| Where does digestion & absorption of food occur? | small intestine |
| Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ & ______ and by bile from the ______. | small intestine & pancreas; liver |
| The ________ contributes water to dilute chyme & bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach. | pancreas |
| Regions of the small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the __________. | small intestine |
| The amino acids & simple sugars derived from proteins & carbohydrates are absorbed directly into ________. | blood |
| Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________. | lacteals |
| After fats are absorbed & added to the blood stream, all nutrients enter the ________ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination. | hepatic portal vein; liver |
| small finger-like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall | villi |
| Digestive organ that reabsorbs water and stores & eliminates undigested food. | large intestine |
| Abundant bacteria of the large intestine | intestinal flora |
| Portions of the large intestine | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
| opening for defecating | anus |
| parts of the urinary system | 2 ureters, 2 kidneys, urethra, and urinary bladder |
| The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder | ureters |
| The place where urine is stored | urinary bladder |
| How urine exits the body | urethra |
| Functional units of the kidney | nephrons |
| Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the ________. | renal artery |
| the filtration process occurs through the ________ in the bowmans capsule of the nephron. | glomerulus |
| Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______. | blood pressure |
| As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by _______ & reenter the blood. | diffusion |
| Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron. | tubules |
| What is the final product of the nephrons? | urine |
| 2 functions of the reproductive system | production of gamates; production of hormones |
| Functions of the sex organs are under control by ______ hormones. | tropic |
| reproductive activity is ______ in women and ________ in men. | cyclic; continuous |
| What are gamates formed by? | meiosis |
| Where do spermatozoa develop? | seminiferous tubules of each testis |
| The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules, produce _________. | testosterone |
| Hormone that influences sperm cell development and produces body hair and deep voice. | testosterone |
| Where are sperm stored? | epididymis |
| Pathway for sperm during ejaculation | vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra |
| Glands that produce semen | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland |
| Hormones that control testicular activity | FSH & LH |
| Hormone that stimulates sperm production | FSH |
| Hormone that stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone. | LH |
| __________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. | estrogen |
| At day ______ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the _______. | 14; pituitary; corpus luteum |
| What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum? | progesterone |
| After ovulation, the egg is swept into the __________. | fallopian tube |
| If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________. | oviduct |
| Name for a fertilized egg | zygote |
| In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ______, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues. | placenta |
| Cavity composed of the abdomen & pelvis | abdominopelvic cavity |
| Movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream. | absorption |
| Protein making up the I band of the sarcomere | actin |
| Building block of proteins | amino acid |
| Special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances. | antibody |
| Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cell | ATP |
| Upper chambers of the heart | atria |
| Product of the liver that emulsifies fat | bile |
| Tissue made of cells & fibers that connect and support | cartilage |
| Gland of the ear that produces earwax | Ceruminous gland |
| Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones. | chromosomes |
| Nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cord | CNS |
| Imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe that divides the body into front & back portions | coronal plane |
| Body containing the brain | cranial cavity |
| Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. | diaphragm |
| Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration | diffusion |
| The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food | digestion |
| Crescent-shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord | dorsal horn |
| Prenatal development time between the zygote and the fetus | embryo |
| Inner lining of the uterus | endometrium |
| Functional proteins; names usually end in -ase | enzymes |
| A passage in the skull bone through which the spinal cord enters the spinal column | foramen magnum |
| The blood cells | formed elements |
| Simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits | glucose |
| Physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained within the body | homeostasis |
| Portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep and appetite | hypothalamus |
| Articulates between adjoining bones | joints |
| Though, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamel | keratin |
| Dead cells of the epidermis | keratinized epithelium |
| Found within the villi of intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed | lacteal vessel |
| Tissue connecting bone to bone | ligaments |
| An imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portions | median plane |
| Space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs | mediastinum |
| Thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body. | Mucous membrane |
| Protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells | myosin |
| Mouth; AKA buccal cavity | oral cavity |
| Cavities surrounding the eyes | orbits |
| Structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function | organelle |
| Measurement associated with acids and bases | pH |
| Engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body | phagocytosis |
| Liquid portion of the blood | plasma |
| Blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and the removal of CO2 | Pulmonary circulation |
| Organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place | ribosomes |
| An imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections. | sagittal plane |
| Organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium. | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Oil glands of the skin | sebaceous glands |
| Thin sheets of tissue that line body cavities not having to exist to the outside | serous membrane |
| The backbone that protects the spinal cord, which runs inside of it. | Spinal column |
| Layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue | subcutaneous tissue |
| Sweat glands | sudiferous glands |
| Loose, connective tissue that lines the joint cavity | synovial membrane |
| General blood circulation of the body, not including the lungs | systemic circulation |
| The chest cavity | thoracic cavity |
| Imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom portions | transverse plane |
| Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel | vasoconstriction |
| Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel | vasodilation |
| Anterior columns of the gray matter of the spinal cord | Ventral horns |
| Lower chambers of the heart | ventricles |
| The fertilized egg, from the time it is fertilized until its implanted into the urterus | zygote |
| The ankle is ______ in relation to the knee. | distal |
| The serous membrane surrounding the heart. | pericardium |
| The actively mitotic layer of the epidermis. | stratum germinativum |
| What is the total number of phalanges? | 56 |
| the flexor carpi ulnaris located? | wrist |
| The master gland | pituitary |
| The largest gland of the human body | liver |
| The storage area of urine | urinary bladder |
| The portion of the uterus under direct hormonal effect. | endometrium. |
| The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs | inhalation |
| The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size. | exhalation |
Created by:
candismurphy
Popular Nursing sets