| Question | Answer |
| osmotic diuretics are contraindicated | anuria, dehydration, ACTIVE INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING |
| a general feeling of tiredness or listlessness | asthenia |
| evaluates blood supply to the kidneys, evaluates masses and detects potential complications after renal transplant | renal angioogram |
| a circular band of skeletal muscle that is under voluntary control located at the end of the urethra | external sphincter |
| loop diuretics | bumetanide (bumex), furosemide (lasix), toresemide (demadex) |
| most commonly used urinary diagnostic test | routine urinalysis |
| conditions that can result in urinary frequency | infection, disease of urinary tract, metabolic disease, hypertension, medications |
| normal creatinine clearance | 80-139 ml per minute |
| hormones secreted by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells | erythropoietin |
| conditions that can result in urgency | inflammatory lesions, bacterial infections, chronic prostatitis |
| bed wetting | enuresis |
| commmon cause of nonsocomial urinary tract infections | catheters |
| provides information regarding the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine | osmolality |
| diet for nephrotic syndrome | low sodium, high protein |
| signs and symptoms of BPH | urinary retention, hematuria, oliguria, renal insufficiency |
| lies beneath the cortex and is darker in color; contains the triangular pyramids | renal medulla |
| signs and symptoms of hypokalemia | weakness, numbness, tingling, parasthesia, confusion, excessive thirst |
| most common cause of pyelonephritis | e. coli |
| commonly used urinary tract stimulants | bethanechol chloride (urecholine); neostigmine (prostigmin) |
| causes of acute renal failure | thrombosis in renal arteries, sever hypotension, burns, sepsis, blood transfusion reactions |
| a catheter inserted into the kidney pelvis for drainage | nephrostomy |
| infection/inflammation of the kidney | pyelonephritis |
| osmotic diuretic | mannitol (osmitrol, resectisol) |
| What are the 4 functions of the urinary system? | excrete waste products, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain acid base balance, secrete erythropoietin |
| residual urinary retention greater than 50mL indicates | urinary retention |
| lightly bound network of capillaries | glomerulus |
| conditions that can result in nocturia | decrease renal concentration ability, heart failure, diabetes mellitus |
| strange side effect of potassium sparing diuretics | bluish urine |
| oral diuretics should be administered at what time of day | morning |
| outer covering of the kidney made of strong connective tissue | renal capsule |
| factors that increase the risk of renal tumors | gender, smoking, family history, preexisting renal disorders |
| treatment for renal tumors includes | surgery (nephrectomy), radiation, chemotherapy |
| pyridium is contraindicated | glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, uremia, renal failure, G6PD deficiency |
| causes of urinary obstruction | strictures, kinks, cysts, tumors, calculi, BPH |
| these diuretics are used alone or in combination in the treatment of hypertension and edema due to CHF, renal dysfunction, cirrhosis, corticosteroid therapy, and estrogen therapy | thiazide diuretics |
| mouth should be rinsed following administration of nitrofurantoin to prevent this | teeth staining |
| urinary antiseptic used to treat gram positive and negative microbes, common side effects include, loss of apppetite and nausesa/vomiting | nitrofuratoin |
| in this prostatectomy the approach is low on the abdomen and leaves the bladder intact | retropubic prostatectomy |
| visual examination to inspect, treat, evaluate, or diagnose disorders of the urinary bladder and proximal structures | cystoscopy |
| urea in the blood can cause this uncomfortable side effect | pruritis (itching) |
| thiazide diuretics are contraindicated | anuria, lactation |
| this electrolyte imbalance can cause enhanced digitalis glycoside toxicity | hypokalemia |
| these diuretics are appropriate for the prevention of renal calculi composed of uric acid or cystine, prevention of altitude sickness, treatment of increased intraocular pressure, and to decrease the frequency of seizures | carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretics |
| loss of voluntary voiding control resulting in urinary retention | neurogenic bladder |
| bladder, urethra, pelvis floor muscles | lower urinary tract |
| voiding occurs more often than normal | frequency |
| chronic pyelonephritis is most commonly associated with | recurrent infections or chronic obstruction |
| performed through the skin to directly visualize the upper urinary structures | nephroscopy |
| possible complications of ureteral stent placement | diabetes insipidus, dehydration |
| these medications provide relief from pain, itching, burning, urgency, and frequency associated with infection or urologic procedures | urinary tract analgesics |
| Loop diuretics can generally decrease blood concentration of ____________ and increase blood concentration of ___________ ______________ such as BUN, serum glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and cholesterol | electrolytes, metablolic byproducts |
| pus in the urine | pyuria |
| painful or difficult urination | dyruria |
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic | acetazolamide |
| medications used to enhance urinary output | diuretics |
| measurement of the weight of the solvent compared with the weight of the solute | osmolality |
| this prostatectomy is one of the most effective ways of curing cancer | radical perineal prostatectomy |
| causes of chronic renal failure | chronic kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, diabetes mellitus, congenital abnormalities, lupus, hypertension |
| removal of stone from ureter | ureterolithotomy |
| excessive urination at night | nocturia |
| these diuretics counteract potassium loss caused by thiazide and loop diuretics | potassium sparing diuretics |
| how much does the normal bladder hold? | 750 to 1000 mL of urine |
| removal of ston from renal parenchyma (tissue) | nephrolithotomy |
| loss of voluntary bladder control resulting in urinary retention or incontinence | neurogenic bladder |
| these diuretics are used as ADJUNCTS in the treatment of oliguric renal failure, edema, increased intracranial pressure, and toxic overdose | osmotic diuretics |
| most common site of cysts in polycystic kidney disease | collecting ducts |
| false positive PSA can be caused by | tissue manipulation |
| at risk age group for prostate cancer | over 50 |
| normal serum creatinine | 0.5 to 1.2 mg per dl |
| noninvasive procedure used to identify the kidney's shape, size, location, collecting systems, and adjacent tissues | ultrasound |
| infection/inflammation of the prostate | prostatitis |
| diaphoresis, flushing, and nausea followed by episodes of urinary incontinence would be indicative of | spastic bladder |
| low urine output less than 400ml per day | oliguria |
| alfuzosin (uroxatral) is contraindicated | hepatic impairment, alpha blockers, renal impairment, women or children |
| composed of the kidneys, renal pelvis, and ureters | upper urinary tract |
| recovery from acute renal failure may take this long | one year |
| trauma to the urethra can result in | strictures |
| urine with protein in it can appear | foamy |
| infection/inflammation of the urinary bladder | cystitis |
| signs and symptoms of polycystic kidney disease | flank pain, HEADACHE, GI upset, voiding disturbances, recurrent uti's, hypertension |
| pain in this area is a key sign of pyelonephritis | costovertebral angle |
| these two heavy metals are nephrotixic | lead, mercury |
| antibiotics commonly used for treatment of cystitis | septra, bactrim, macrodantin |
| this supplement can help to acidify urine | vitamin C |
| signs and symptoms of prostatitis | burning, perineum discomfort, dysuria, frequency and urgency, URINARY RETENTION |
| blood in the urine | hematuria |
| how long are antibiotic administered for prostatitis? | 4 to 12 weeks |
| indications for hemodialysis | severe renal failure, acute poisoning, metabolic acidosis, sever volume overload |
| causes of urinary retention in males | benign prostatic hypertrophy, strictures, foreign bodies, phimosis, urethritis |
| what kind of specimen is required for a urine creatinine clearance | 24 hour |
| the volume of urine remaining in the bladder after a pt voids | residual urine |
| osmotic diuretics can be given to treat this electrolyte deficiency | hypomagnesemia |
| exercises that can be helpful in mitigating incontinence in female patients | kegels |
| kidney failure develops when large numbers of ________________ are destroyed | nephrons |
| caused by a lesion of a lower motor neuron resulting in distension with urine stasis and incomplete emptying, and loss of urge to foid | flaccid bladder |
| causes of cystitis | urethral reflux, diagnostic studies, fecal contamination (e. coli), catheters, sexual intercourse |
| most common procedure for relief of BPH | transurethral resection of prostate |
| a patient taking thiazide diuretics is experiencing the desired effects of the medication if | blood pressure decreases, edema decreases, urine output increases |
| the kidneys are surrounded by a layer of this kind of tissue | adipose |
| this test determines the kidney's ability to rid the blood of urea | BUN |
| proscar (finasteride) is contraindicated | women |
| these activities should be avoided in acute prostatitis | arousal, sexual intercourse |
| bacteria in the urine | bacteriuria |
| the buildup of nitrogenous waste products in the blood | azotemia |
| the key objective difference between BPH and prostate cancer | feeling of prostate, boggy and enlarged with BPH, firm and possible nodules, with cancer |
| causes of urinary retention in both males and females | obstruction, postoperative, trauma, medication side effect, fecal impaction, infection |
| proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema along with anorexia, fatigue, and alteration of renal function would be indicative of | nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis) |
| desired effects of diuretics | decreased blood pressure, increased urine output, decreased edema, decreased intracranial pressure |
| urine output less than 100ml per day | anuria |
| age group and gender in which renal calculi are most common | 20-30 year old males |
| caused by a lesion above the voiding reflex arc resulting in bladder wall atrophy and decreased capacity | spastic bladder |
| this test measures creatinine levels in blood | serum creatinine |
| patients taking pyridium should be warned about this odd side effect | bright orange urine |
| blood enters the glomerulus via which arteriole | afferent |
| methods for preventing urinary tract infections | increased fluid intake, avoid coffee, tea, colas, and alcohol, shower rather than bathe, wipe from front to back, avoid irritating substances, wear cotton underwear, void every 2 to 3 hours |
| alkylating or acidifying agents instilled to dissolve stone | chemolysis |
| patient may be asked to void during this procedure | voiding cystourethrography |
| methenamine is converted to ___________ in the urine | formaldehyde |
| these medications are used to treat frequent urination, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, and overactive bladder | urinary tract antispasmodics (anticholinergics) |
| substances commonly measured in a 24 hour urine | protein, creatinine, urea, uric acid, catecholamines |
| genetic disorder where multiple fluid filled cysts slowly replace much of the kidney | polycystic kidney disease |
| general term the encompasses all urinary calculi | urolithiasis |
| what is the normal specific gravity of urine? | 1.005 -1.030 |
| a patient with chronic renal failure may have lost this percentage of function before symptoms develop | 80 |
| a medical procedure for the removal of elements from the blood through an external semipermeable membrane or the peritoneum | dialysis |
| removal of stone from renal pevis | pyelolithotomy |
| potassium replacement should be administered if levels are below | 3mg/dL |
| normal PSA | 4 mg per dl |
| routine urinalysis can be used to test these things | color, clarity, odor, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, RBC's and WBC's |
| a substance that causes destruction of the kidney | nephrotoxin |
| signs of super infection | black, furry overgrowth on tongue; vaginal itching or discharge; loose or foul smelling stools; allergic reaction |
| cuplike structure that collects the glomerular filtrate | bowman's capsule |
| signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis | flank pain, nausea and vomiting related to pain |
| excessive urination at night | nocturia |
| provides involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder | internal sphincter |
| antispasmodics used for patients with urinary retention | uroxatol, ditropan, detrol, detro LA |
| surgical removal of kidney | nephrectomy |
| these medications are used to treat urinary retention (nonobstructive) | urinary tract stimulants |
| extends from the urinary bladder to the exterior | urethra |
| secreted water and electrolyes and waste products travel through the collecting duct and out of the kidney as this | urine |
| four types of urinary incontinence | stress, urge, overflow, functional |
| stones in the kidney | nephrolithiasis |
| glomerulonephritis can cause this, which can lead to cerebral and cardiac complications | hypertension |
| peritoneal dialysis is contraindicated | systemic inflammatory disease, previous abdominal surgery, chronic back pain |
| between the ages of 40 and 70, the filtering mechanism of the kidneys becomes ____ _______ | less efficient |
| renal function compromise in polycystic kidney disease is caused by | pressure, secondary infection, tissue scarring from cyst rupture |
| contains layer of smooth and involuntary muscle that contracts to expel bladder contents through the urethra | bladder wall |
| signs and symptoms of urethritis | dysuria, frequency, pruritis, urethral discharge, NO FEVER |
| performed with a nylon brush via a urethral catheter during a cystoscopy | brush biopsy |
| signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis | periorbital edema, visual disturbanses, nausea, anorexia, anemia, nosebleeds, headache, irritability, malaise, edema, dyspnea, hematuria, oliguria, anuria, nocturia, flank pain/tenderness |
| rectangular area created from ligaments that suspends and anchors the bladder within the pelvic and pubic bones | trigone |
| loop diuretics are contraindicated | uncorrected electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma, anuria |
| a patient with UTI should be encouraged to __________ oral fluid intake | increase |
| antidote for cholinergics | atropine |
| side effects of androgen inhibitors that the patient should understand | decreased libido, decreased ejaculate volume, impotence |
| urinary analgesics | pyridium, prosed DS |
| to avoid rapid decompression of bladder, drainage should be stopped at | 1000 mL |
| diet for glomerulonephritis | low protein, low sodium |
| urinary antiseptic used to treat gram negative microbes only; common side effects include vertico, weakness, nausea, and vomiting | quinolone (nalidixic acid) |
| nonbacterial prostatitis results from _______ of the urethra | occlusion |
| average hourly output of urine for an adult | 30cc |
| in this prostatectomy the approach is through the bladder | suprapubic prostatectomy |
| an organ specific glycoprotein produced by normal prostate tissue | PSA |
| side effect of ocybutynin that males specifically should be warned about | impotence |
| these diuretics are appropriate for use in the treatment of hypertensions, edema from CHF, or from hepatic or renal disease | loop (high ceiling) diuretics |
| just beneath the capsule and contains 1.25 million renal tubules | renal cortex |
| thiazide like diuretics | chlorthalidone (hygroton, thalitone), indapamide (lozol), metolazone (mykrox, zaroxolyn) |
| how much fluid can safely be used for irrigation of a nephrostomy tube | 5mL |
| medications usued in the treatment of urinary incontinence | ditropan, dibenzaline, urecholine, detrol |
| common adverse side effect of thiazide diuretics in diabetics | hyperglycemia |
| men become more prone to UTI's with aging because of this | decreased bactericidal secretion from the prostate |
| these diuretics are given to control pregnancy related seizures | osmotic diuretics |
| following cystoscopy, what should the nurse encourage? | increased oral hydration |
| used to confirm suspected infections, identify causative organisms, determine appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and periodically screen urine for infection | culture and sensitivity |
| what type of organism most commonly causes UTI's | gram negative bacteria |
| dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces | hydronephrosis |
| severe generalized edema | anasarca |
| before IVP (intravenous pyelogram) the nurse should determine if a patient has an allergy to | iodine, saltwater fish, vegetables |
| these medications for urinary retention mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system to stimulate gastric motility and micturation | urinary tract stimulants (cholinergics) |
| which prostatectomy procedure provides access to pelvic lymph nodes? | retropubic prostatectomy |
| passage of gas in urine during voiding | pneumaturia |
| cause of hydronephrosis | obstruction |
| normal volume of residual urine | less than 50ml |
| these diuretics cause loss of sodium bicarbonate and calcium while saving potassium and hydrogen ions at the distal tubule | potassium sparing |
| surrounds the male urethra | prostate |
| prolonged pressure associated with hydronephrosis can result in | renal fibrosis and loss of function |
| urinary tract stimulants are contraindicated | mechanical obstruction of GI or GU tract |
| oxybutynin is contraindicated | glaucoma, intestinal obstruction, toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, myasthenia gravis, hemorrhage/shock, obstructive uropathy |
| to verify passsage of stone, what must be done to urine? | straining |
| cause of urinary retention seen only in females | retroverted uterus |
| examination of the lower urinaty tract with a sterile cystoscope | retrograde pyelography |
| urinary antiseptic used to suppress fungi and gram positive or negative organisms; used to prevent reinfection after antibiotic use and rarely causes side effects | methenamine (mandelamine) |
| patients on diuretics should have these lab values monitored frequently | potassium, blood glucose, BUN, serum uric levels |
| in this prostatectomy the prostate is removed via the urethra | tranurethral prostatectomy |
| most common site of cancer in the urinary tract | bladder |
| weakened musculature in the bladder and urethra, diminished neurological sensation, and decreased bladder capacity are effects of this on the urinary system | aging |
| radiological procedure to evaluate the size, structure and position of the urinary tract structures | KUB (kidney ureter bladder) |
| these diuretics increase excreation of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule | thiazide like diuretics |
| antihypertensive used in the treatment of BPH | terazosin hydrochloride (Hytrin) |
| clinical manifestations of chronic glomerulonephritis | anasarca, headaches (in morning), hypertension, visual disturbances, cerebral edema, heart failure, dyspnea, nocturia, proteinuria, anemia |
| signs and symptoms of renal tumors | intermittent hematuria, weight loss, dull flank pain, mass in flank, fatigue |
| glomerulonephritis is usually treated with | antibiotics (to prevent infection), diuretics, antihypertensives, vitamins, iron supplements, corticosteroids |
| these diuretics increase the kidney's filtration of sodium and water and promote the excretion of chloride, potassium, magnesium, and bicarbonate | thizide diuretics |
| a patient with chronic renal failure will smell like | urine |
| commonly used urinary tract antispasmodics | oxybutynin oral or transdermal |
| by the time prostate cancer causes urinary symptoms, this has usually already occurred | metastasis |
| conditions that can result in dysuria | infection of lower urinary tract, irritation following intercourse, bath and feminine hygiene products |
| measurement of excreted substances by the kidney during a 24 hour period | 24 hour urine |
| chronic conditions that increase a patient's risk of urinary tract infections | diabetes, MS, spinal cord injuries, hypertension, kidney disease |
| most common urinary diversion following cystectomy | ileal conduit |
| androgen inhibitor used in the treatment of BPH | finasteride (proscar) |
| females be come more prone to this urinary issue with aging | UTI's |
| infection/inflammation of the urethra | urethritis |
| common side effect of contrast injection | flushing, metallic taste |
| signs and symptoms of urolithiasis | flank pain, hematuria, pyuria, vomiting, hydronephrosis |
| signs/symptoms of bladder or urinary tract infection | urinary discomfort, rash, lower abdominal pain, fever/chills, cloudy or foul smelling urine |
| potassium sparing diuretics | amiloride (midamor), spironolactone (aldactone), triamterene (dyrenium) |
| what is the treatment for polycystic kidney disease | relief of pain and symptoms, no cure |
| stones in the ureter | ureterolithiasis |
| possible sytemic side effect of alfuzosin (uroxatral) | hypotension |
| urinary antiseptic; broad strectrum effective against gram positive or negative organisms | fluoroquinolone |
| catheter choice of urinary obstruction is dependent on | location of obstruction |
| blood exits the glomerulus via which areteriole | efferent |
| stones in the bladder | cystolithiasis |
| terminal stage of renal failure | uremia |
| mesh like tube or coil inserted via cystoscopy to regain patency of ureter | ureteral stent |
| possible complications of urinary obstruction | electrolyte imbalance, infection (from urine stasis), ischemia (due to compression), atrophy of renal tissue |
| what is the functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| thiazide diuretics | chlorothiazide (diuril), hydrochlorothiazide (esidrex) |
| potassium sparing diuretics are contraindicated | hyperkalemia |
| urinary tract antispasmodic used in the treatment of BPH | alfuzosin (uroxatral) |
| signs and symptoms of cystitis | urgency, frequency, dysuria, perineal and suprapubic pain, nocturia, hematuria, chills and fever |
| urinary retention or hesitancy in males is frequently caused by this | benign prostatic hypertropy |
| conditions that can result in urinary incontinence | infection, sphincter damage, spinal damage, congenital defects, bladder trauma |
| conditions that can result in urinary hesitancy | urethral compression, outlet obstruction, neurogenic bladder (trauma) UTI |
| how is urethritis classified | by presence or absence of gonorrhea |
| conditions that can result in neurogenic bladder | congenital anomaly, neurological disease, trauma |
| what is the normal pH range of urine | 4.6-8.0 |
| strong desire to urinate | urgency |
| a continuous layer of cells that line the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder | transitional epithelium |
| most common cause of nonspecific urethritis | chalmydia |
| factors that increase risk for renal calculi | immobility, hyperparathyroid (overproduction of calcium), recurrent UTI, dehydration, excessive vitamin D intake, osteoporosis |
| this portion of the culture and sensitivity can reliably differentiate between infection and contamination of a clean catch | colony count |
| a notch found near the center of the medial border where the ureter blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney | hilus |
| secretes alkaline fluid that helps neutralize seminal fluid and increases sperm motility | prostate |
| narrow points of the pyramids that drain into the calyces | palilla |
| continent urinary diversion technique | ileal urinary resoirvoir |
| this test is an excellent indicator of renal function and determines efficiency of kidneys clearing creatinine from blood | urine creatinine clearance |
| large volumes of urine voided in a given time | polyuria |
| Which kidney is located anatomically lower than the other kidney? | right kidney |
| normal BUN | 10-20 mg per dl |
