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Question: severe edemaAnswer: Question: urine less than 100ml per dayAnswer: anuria Question: a general feeling of tiredness or Answer: asthenia Question: the buildup of nitrogenous products in the bloodAnswer: Question: a medical procedure for the of elements from the blood through an external semipermeable membrane or the peritoneumAnswer: dialysis Question: painful or urinationAnswer: dyruria Question: in the urineAnswer: Question: dilation of the pelvis and calyces Answer: hydronephrosis Question: a substance that causes destruction of the Answer: Question: excessive at night Answer: nocturia Question: low urine less than 400ml per dayAnswer: Question: pus in the Answer: pyuria Question: the volume of remaining in the bladder after a pt voidsAnswer: residual Question: volume of residual urineAnswer: less than Question: What are the 4 functions of the system?Answer: excrete products, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain acid base balance, secrete erythropoietin Question: hormones by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cellsAnswer: erythropoietin Question: Which kidney is anatomically lower than the other kidney?Answer: right Question: the are surrounded by a layer of this kind of tissueAnswer: Question: a notch found near the center of the border where the ureter blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidneyAnswer: hilus Question: outer covering of the kidney made of strong tissueAnswer: renal Question: just beneath the capsule and contains 1.25 renal tubulesAnswer: cortex Question: lies beneath the cortex and is darker in ; contains the triangular pyramidsAnswer: medulla Question: narrow points of the that drain into the calycesAnswer: Question: what is the functional unit of the ?Answer: Question: lightly bound network of Answer: Question: blood enters the glomerulus via arterioleAnswer: Question: blood exits the via which areterioleAnswer: Question: cuplike structure that collects the filtrateAnswer: bowman's Question: secreted water and electrolyes and waste products through the collecting duct and out of the kidney as thisAnswer: Question: between the ages of 40 and 70, the filtering mechanism of the kidneys becomes ____ _______Answer: less Question: weakened musculature in the bladder and urethra, diminished sensation, and decreased bladder capacity are effects of this on the urinary systemAnswer: Question: females be come more prone to this issue with agingAnswer: UTI's Question: urinary retention or in males is frequently caused by thisAnswer: prostatic hypertropy Question: men become more prone to UTI's with aging because of Answer: decreased bactericidal secretion from the Question: most commonly used diagnostic testAnswer: routine Question: routine urinalysis can be used to test these Answer: color, clarity, odor, pH, specific , protein, glucose, ketones, RBC's and WBC's Question: what is the normal pH range of Answer: 4.6-8.0 Question: what is the specific gravity of urine?Answer: 1.005 -1.030 Question: of excreted substances by the kidney during a 24 hour periodAnswer: 24 hour Question: commonly measured in a 24 hour urineAnswer: , creatinine, urea, uric acid, catecholamines Question: used to confirm suspected infections, identify causative organisms, determine appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and periodically screen for infectionAnswer: and sensitivity Question: this of the culture and sensitivity can reliably differentiate between infection and contamination of a clean catchAnswer: count Question: this test is an excellent indicator of renal function and determines of kidneys clearing creatinine from bloodAnswer: urine creatinine Question: what kind of is required for a urine creatinine clearanceAnswer: 24 Question: this test creatinine levels in bloodAnswer: serum Question: this test determines the kidney's ability to rid the of ureaAnswer: Question: creatinine clearance Answer: 80-139 ml per Question: normal creatinineAnswer: 0.5 to 1.2 mg per Question: BUNAnswer: 10-20 mg per Question: an organ specific produced by normal prostate tissueAnswer: Question: false PSA can be caused byAnswer: tissue Question: normal Answer: 4 mg per Question: measurement of the weight of the solvent compared with the of the soluteAnswer: Question: provides regarding the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urineAnswer: Question: procedure to evaluate the size, structure and position of the urinary tract structuresAnswer: KUB (kidney bladder) Question: IVP (intravenous pyelogram) the nurse should determine if a patient has an allergy toAnswer: iodine, fish, vegetables Question: side effect of contrast injectionAnswer: flushing, taste Question: examination of the urinaty tract with a sterile cystoscopeAnswer: pyelography Question: patient may be to void during this procedureAnswer: cystourethrography Question: noninvasive used to identify the kidney's shape, size, location, collecting systems, and adjacent tissuesAnswer: ultrasound Question: visual examination to inspect, treat, evaluate, or diagnose of the urinary bladder and proximal structuresAnswer: Question: following cystoscopy, what should the encourage?Answer: oral hydration Question: performed with a brush via a urethral catheter during a cystoscopyAnswer: brush Question: performed through the skin to directly visualize the urinary structuresAnswer: nephroscopy Question: evaluates blood to the kidneys, evaluates masses and detects potential complications after renal transplantAnswer: angioogram Question: rectangular area created from ligaments that suspends and the bladder within the pelvic and pubic bonesAnswer: trigone Question: a continuous layer of cells that line the renal pelvis, ureters, and bladderAnswer: epithelium Question: contains layer of smooth and involuntary muscle that to expel bladder contents through the urethraAnswer: bladder Question: extends from the bladder to the exteriorAnswer: Question: surrounds the male Answer: prostate Question: involuntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladderAnswer: sphincter Question: a circular band of muscle that is under voluntary control located at the end of the urethraAnswer: external Question: of the kidneys, renal pelvis, and uretersAnswer: upper tract Question: bladder, urethra, floor musclesAnswer: lower urinary Question: how much does the bladder hold?Answer: 750 to 1000 mL of Question: average hourly output of urine for an Answer: Question: voiding more often than normalAnswer: frequency Question: conditions that can result in frequencyAnswer: infection, disease of urinary tract, metabolic disease, hypertension, Question: conditions that can in dysuriaAnswer: infection of lower urinary tract, irritation following intercourse, bath and feminine products Question: bed Answer: Question: strong to urinateAnswer: Question: conditions that can in urgencyAnswer: inflammatory lesions, bacterial , chronic prostatitis Question: excessive at nightAnswer: Question: conditions that can result in Answer: decrease renal concentration ability, heart failure, mellitus Question: volumes of urine voided in a given timeAnswer: polyuria Question: passage of gas in during voidingAnswer: Question: conditions that can in urinary hesitancyAnswer: urethral compression, outlet obstruction, neurogenic (trauma) UTI Question: conditions that can in urinary incontinenceAnswer: infection, sphincter damage, spinal damage, congenital defects, trauma Question: four of urinary incontinenceAnswer: stress, urge, overflow, Question: medications usued in the treatment of incontinenceAnswer: ditropan, dibenzaline, , detrol Question: exercises that can be helpful in mitigating incontinence in female Answer: Question: signs/symptoms of bladder or urinary infectionAnswer: urinary discomfort, rash, lower abdominal pain, /chills, cloudy or foul smelling urine Question: causes of urinary retention in Answer: benign hypertrophy, strictures, foreign bodies, phimosis, urethritis Question: causes of urinary retention in both males and Answer: , postoperative, trauma, medication side effect, fecal impaction, infection Question: cause of urinary retention seen only in Answer: retroverted Question: urinary retention greater than 50mL indicatesAnswer: urinary Question: analgesicsAnswer: pyridium, DS Question: used for patients with urinary retentionAnswer: uroxatol, ditropan, , detro LA Question: loss of voluntary bladder control resulting in urinary retention or Answer: bladder Question: conditions that can in neurogenic bladderAnswer: congenital anomaly, disease, trauma Question: caused by a lesion above the reflex arc resulting in bladder wall atrophy and decreased capacityAnswer: spastic Question: caused by a lesion of a motor neuron resulting in distension with urine stasis and incomplete emptying, and loss of urge to foidAnswer: bladder Question: diaphoresis, flushing, and nausea followed by episodes of urinary incontinence be indicative ofAnswer: spastic Question: medications used to enhance urinary Answer: Question: carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Answer: acetazolamide Question: loop Answer: (bumex), furosemide (lasix), toresemide (demadex) Question: diureticAnswer: (osmitrol, resectisol) Question: potassium sparing Answer: amiloride (midamor), (aldactone), triamterene (dyrenium) Question: thiazide Answer: chlorothiazide (diuril), (esidrex) Question: like diureticsAnswer: chlorthalidone (hygroton, thalitone), indapamide (lozol), (mykrox, zaroxolyn) Question: this electrolyte imbalance can cause digitalis glycoside toxicityAnswer: hypokalemia Question: signs and of hypokalemiaAnswer: weakness, numbness, tingling, parasthesia, confusion, thirst Question: patients on diuretics should have these lab values frequentlyAnswer: potassium, blood glucose, BUN, serum uric Question: oral should be administered at what time of dayAnswer: Question: potassium replacement should be administered if are belowAnswer: 3mg/dL Question: desired effects of Answer: decreased blood pressure, increased urine output, decreased edema, decreased pressure Question: these diuretics are appropriate for the prevention of renal calculi composed of uric acid or cystine, prevention of altitude sickness, of increased intraocular pressure, and to decrease the frequency of seizuresAnswer: carbonic inhibitor diuretics Question: these are appropriate for use in the treatment of hypertensions, edema from CHF, or from hepatic or renal diseaseAnswer: loop (high ) diuretics Question: loop are contraindicatedAnswer: uncorrected electrolyte imbalance, hepatic coma, Question: Loop diuretics can generally decrease blood concentration of ____________ and increase blood concentration of ___________ ______________ such as BUN, serum glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and cholesterolAnswer: electrolytes, byproducts Question: these diuretics are used as ADJUNCTS in the treatment of oliguric renal failure, , increased intracranial pressure, and toxic overdoseAnswer: diuretics Question: osmotic diuretics are Answer: anuria, dehydration, ACTIVE INTRACRANIAL Question: diuretics can be given to treat this electrolyte deficiencyAnswer: hypomagnesemia Question: these diuretics are given to control pregnancy seizuresAnswer: diuretics Question: diuretics counteract potassium loss caused by thiazide and loop diureticsAnswer: potassium diuretics Question: these diuretics cause loss of sodium bicarbonate and while saving potassium and hydrogen ions at the distal tubuleAnswer: potassium Question: potassium sparing are contraindicatedAnswer: hyperkalemia Question: strange side effect of potassium sparing Answer: bluish Question: these diuretics are used or in combination in the treatment of hypertension and edema due to CHF, renal dysfunction, cirrhosis, corticosteroid therapy, and estrogen therapyAnswer: diuretics Question: these diuretics increase the kidney's filtration of sodium and water and promote the excretion of chloride, potassium, magnesium, and Answer: diuretics Question: thiazide diuretics are Answer: , lactation Question: common adverse side effect of thiazide in diabeticsAnswer: Question: a patient taking thiazide diuretics is experiencing the desired effects of the ifAnswer: blood pressure decreases, edema decreases, output increases Question: these diuretics excreation of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubuleAnswer: thiazide like Question: these medications provide relief from pain, itching, burning, urgency, and associated with infection or urologic proceduresAnswer: urinary analgesics Question: is contraindicatedAnswer: glomerulonephritis, , uremia, renal failure, G6PD deficiency Question: patients taking pyridium should be warned about this odd side Answer: bright orange Question: these medications are used to frequent urination, urgency, nocturia, incontinence, and overactive bladderAnswer: tract antispasmodics (anticholinergics) Question: commonly used urinary antispasmodicsAnswer: oral or transdermal Question: is contraindicatedAnswer: glaucoma, intestinal obstruction, toxic megacolon, paralytic ileus, myasthenia , hemorrhage/shock, obstructive uropathy Question: side effect of that males specifically should be warned aboutAnswer: Question: these medications are used to treat retention (nonobstructive) Answer: tract stimulants Question: these medications for urinary retention mimic the effects of the nervous system to stimulate gastric motility and micturationAnswer: tract stimulants (cholinergics) Question: commonly used urinary tract Answer: bethanechol chloride (urecholine); (prostigmin) Question: tract stimulants are contraindicatedAnswer: mechanical obstruction of GI or GU Question: antidote for Answer: Question: in the urineAnswer: Question: commmon cause of nonsocomial tract infectionsAnswer: Question: chronic conditions that increase a patient's risk of urinary tract Answer: diabetes, MS, spinal cord injuries, hypertension, kidney Question: infection/inflammation of the Answer: urethritis Question: infection/inflammation of the bladderAnswer: Question: infection/inflammation of the Answer: pyelonephritis Question: infection/inflammation of the Answer: Question: what type of most commonly causes UTI'sAnswer: gram negative Question: methods for urinary tract infectionsAnswer: increased fluid intake, avoid coffee, tea, colas, and alcohol, shower rather than bathe, wipe from front to back, avoid irritating substances, wear cotton underwear, void 2 to 3 hours Question: how is classifiedAnswer: by presence or of gonorrhea Question: most common of nonspecific urethritisAnswer: Question: and symptoms of urethritisAnswer: , frequency, pruritis, urethral discharge, NO FEVER Question: causes of Answer: urethral reflux, diagnostic studies, contamination (e. coli), catheters, sexual intercourse Question: signs and symptoms of Answer: urgency, frequency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain, nocturia, hematuria, chills and fever Question: antibiotics used for treatment of cystitisAnswer: septra, bactrim, Question: most common cause of Answer: e. coli Question: chronic pyelonephritis is most commonly associated Answer: recurrent infections or chronic Question: kidney failure develops when large numbers of ________________ are destroyedAnswer: Question: pain in this area is a key sign of Answer: costovertebral Question: urinary antiseptic used to treat gram negative microbes only; common side effects include , weakness, nausea, and vomitingAnswer: (nalidixic acid) Question: urinary antiseptic used to gram positive and negative microbes, common side effects include, loss of apppetite and nausesa/vomitingAnswer: nitrofuratoin Question: urinary antiseptic used to suppress fungi and gram positive or negative ; used to prevent reinfection after antibiotic use and rarely causes side effectsAnswer: (mandelamine) Question: urinary antiseptic; broad effective against gram positive or negative organismsAnswer: fluoroquinolone Question: of super infectionAnswer: , furry overgrowth on tongue; vaginal itching or discharge; loose or foul smelling stools; allergic reaction Question: methenamine is converted to ___________ in the urineAnswer: Question: this supplement can help to urineAnswer: vitamin Question: mouth should be following administration of nitrofurantoin to prevent thisAnswer: staining Question: a patient with UTI should be encouraged to __________ oral fluid intakeAnswer: Question: nonbacterial prostatitis results from _______ of the urethraAnswer: Question: signs and symptoms of Answer: burning, perineum , dysuria, frequency and urgency, URINARY RETENTION Question: how long are antibiotic for prostatitis?Answer: 4 to 12 Question: these activities should be avoided in acute Answer: arousal, intercourse Question: complications of urinary obstructionAnswer: electrolyte imbalance, (from urine stasis), ischemia (due to compression), atrophy of renal tissue Question: of urinary obstructionAnswer: strictures, kinks, cysts, tumors, , BPH Question: choice of urinary obstruction is dependent onAnswer: of obstruction Question: mesh like tube or coil inserted via to regain patency of ureterAnswer: ureteral Question: possible complications of stent placementAnswer: insipidus, dehydration Question: cause of Answer: Question: prolonged associated with hydronephrosis can result inAnswer: renal fibrosis and loss of Question: signs and symptoms of Answer: flank pain, and vomiting related to pain Question: factors that risk for renal calculiAnswer: immobility, hyperparathyroid (overproduction of calcium), recurrent UTI, dehydration, excessive vitamin D , osteoporosis Question: age group and in which renal calculi are most commonAnswer: 20-30 year old Question: stones in the Answer: Question: in the ureterAnswer: ureterolithiasis Question: stones in the Answer: cystolithiasis Question: and symptoms of urolithiasisAnswer: flank pain, hematuria, , vomiting, hydronephrosis Question: removal of stone from Answer: ureterolithotomy Question: removal of from renal pevisAnswer: Question: of ston from renal parenchyma (tissue)Answer: nephrolithotomy Question: alkylating or agents instilled to dissolve stoneAnswer: Question: to verify passsage of stone, what must be done to ?Answer: Question: loss of voluntary voiding control in urinary retentionAnswer: neurogenic Question: factors that increase the risk of tumorsAnswer: gender, smoking, family history, preexisting disorders Question: signs and symptoms of tumorsAnswer: intermittent hematuria, weight loss, dull pain, mass in flank, fatigue Question: treatment for tumors includesAnswer: surgery (nephrectomy), radiation, Question: most common site of cancer in the urinary Answer: bladder Question: disorder where multiple fluid filled cysts slowly replace much of the kidneyAnswer: polycystic disease Question: renal function compromise in polycystic kidney is caused byAnswer: pressure, secondary infection, tissue scarring from cyst Question: most common site of in polycystic kidney diseaseAnswer: collecting Question: signs and of polycystic kidney diseaseAnswer: pain, HEADACHE, GI upset, voiding disturbances, recurrent uti's, hypertension Question: what is the treatment for polycystic kidney Answer: relief of pain and symptoms, no Question: secretes alkaline fluid that helps neutralize seminal and increases sperm motilityAnswer: prostate Question: signs and symptoms of Answer: urinary retention, hematuria, oliguria, insufficiency Question: to avoid rapid decompression of bladder, drainage should be atAnswer: 1000 Question: most common procedure for of BPHAnswer: transurethral resection of Question: antihypertensive used in the of BPHAnswer: hydrochloride (Hytrin) Question: androgen inhibitor used in the of BPHAnswer: (proscar) Question: proscar (finasteride) is Answer: Question: side effects of androgen inhibitors that the should understandAnswer: libido, decreased ejaculate volume, impotence Question: urinary tract used in the treatment of BPHAnswer: (uroxatral) Question: (uroxatral) is contraindicatedAnswer: hepatic impairment, alpha blockers, impairment, women or children Question: possible sytemic side of alfuzosin (uroxatral)Answer: Question: at risk age group for cancerAnswer: over Question: by the time prostate cancer urinary symptoms, this has usually already occurredAnswer: Question: the key objective difference between BPH and cancerAnswer: feeling of prostate, boggy and with BPH, firm and possible nodules, with cancer Question: which prostatectomy procedure provides access to lymph nodes?Answer: prostatectomy Question: in this prostatectomy the is through the bladderAnswer: prostatectomy Question: in this the prostate is removed via the urethraAnswer: tranurethral Question: this is one of the most effective ways of curing cancerAnswer: radical prostatectomy Question: trauma to the urethra can inAnswer: Question: in this prostatectomy the approach is low on the abdomen and leaves the intactAnswer: retropubic Question: term the encompasses all urinary calculiAnswer: Question: proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and along with anorexia, fatigue, and alteration of renal function would be indicative ofAnswer: syndrome (nephrosis) Question: urine with in it can appearAnswer: foamy Question: diet for syndromeAnswer: low sodium, high Question: and symptoms of glomerulonephritisAnswer: periorbital edema, visual disturbanses, nausea, anorexia, anemia, nosebleeds, headache, , malaise, edema, dyspnea, hematuria, oliguria, anuria, nocturia, flank pain/tenderness Question: can cause this, which can lead to cerebral and cardiac complicationsAnswer: hypertension Question: glomerulonephritis is treated withAnswer: (to prevent infection), diuretics, antihypertensives, vitamins, iron supplements, corticosteroids Question: diet for Answer: low protein, low Question: manifestations of chronic glomerulonephritisAnswer: anasarca, headaches (in morning), hypertension, visual disturbances, edema, heart failure, dyspnea, nocturia, proteinuria, anemia Question: urea in the can cause this uncomfortable side effectAnswer: (itching) Question: of acute renal failureAnswer: thrombosis in renal , sever hypotension, burns, sepsis, blood transfusion reactions Question: these two metals are nephrotixicAnswer: lead, Question: recovery from acute failure may take this longAnswer: one Question: a patient with chronic renal failure may have lost this percentage of before symptoms developAnswer: Question: stage of renal failureAnswer: uremia Question: causes of chronic renal Answer: chronic kidney , urinary tract obstruction, diabetes mellitus, congenital abnormalities, lupus, hypertension Question: a patient with chronic failure will smell likeAnswer: urine Question: indications for Answer: severe renal failure, acute poisoning, metabolic acidosis, volume overload Question: peritoneal is contraindicatedAnswer: systemic inflammatory , previous abdominal surgery, chronic back pain Question: removal of kidneyAnswer: Question: a catheter inserted into the pelvis for drainageAnswer: nephrostomy Question: how much fluid can safely be used for irrigation of a tube Answer: 5mL Question: most common diversion following cystectomyAnswer: ileal Question: continent urinary diversion Answer: urinary resoirvoir |
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