bio exam3 Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
codominant | allele that are both expressed when they occur together in the heterozygous state (example are A and B alleles in the ABO blood groupings) |
codon | group of 3 mRNA bases each of which specifies an amino acid when translated |
complementary | a fundamental process in which adenosine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine |
adenosine pairs with what in DNA? | Thymine |
Thymine pairs with what in DNA/RNA? | Adenosine |
Cytosine pairs with what in DNA/RNA? | Guanine |
Guanine pairs with what in DNA/RNA? | Cytosine |
adenoine pairs with what in RNA? | Uracil |
cytokinesis | cytoplasmic division that occurs during mitosis and meiosis |
diploid | having 2 copies of each chromosome. |
what is the diploid number for human chromosomes | 46 |
DNA | double helix, contains a nitrogenous base pairs, made of sugar deoxyribose, sugar-phosphate backbone |
exon | portions of the genes that encode for amino acids, retained |
dominant | an allele that is expresed in the same way in a single copy as in a double copy |
gamete | haploid germ cell ex. sperm and ovum |
promoter | before every structural gene this exists. dna sequence located 5' of a gene to which rna polymerase binds to begin transcription |
enhancers | increase the production of a particular protein....regulatory gene...ex.proto-onco genes |
silencer | turns of expression of a gene. ex. proto-onco genes |
gene | fundamental unit of heredity, information used to produce/codes for a protein |
genotype | indivdual's allelic constiution at a locus |
haploid | refer to the cells that have one copy of each chromosome, the typical state for gametes |
what is the haploid number for humans? | 23 |
heterozygous | individual who has 2 different alleles at a locus |
homologous | dna/amino acids sequence highly similar to one another. refers to chromosones that pair during fertilization (1 from mom, one from dad) |
homozygous | individual with two alleles at the locus are the same |
intron | noncoding part of mrna,spliced out |
meiosis | cell division process in which haploid gametes are formed from diploid germ cells |
metaphase | stage of mitosis/meosis in which homologous chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of the cell |
mitosis | cell division process in which 2 identical progency cells are produced from a single parent cell |
nucleotide | basic unit of dna or rna consisting of one deoxyribose (ribose in RNA case) one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base |
phenotype | observed characteristics of an individual, produced by the interaction of genes and enviroment |
polymorphism | a locus in which 2 or more alleles have gene frequencies greater than 0.01 in a population |
prophase | first stage of mitosis and meosis |
recessive | an allele that is masked by the dominant allele when the two occur in a heterozygote |
repetitive DNA | DNA sequences that are found in multiple copies in the genome |
ribosomes | site of translation of mature mesenger rna into amino acids sequences |
satellite dna | a portion of the dna that differs enough in base composition so that it form a distinct bond on a cesium, usually contain highly repeptitive dna sequences |
somatic | a cell other than those of the gamete-forming germline, in humans those are called haploid |
structural gene | genes that encode protein products |
telophase | a final major stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the daughter chromosomes are located on oppoite edges of the cell and new nuclear envelope is formed |
transcription | process in which mRNA sequence is sythesized from DNA template |
allele | refers to the different form or DNA sequences, that a gene can have in a population |
anaphase | one of the stages of cell division, in which sister chromatids seperate and move toward opposite ide of the cell |
anticodon | 3 nucleotides dna sequence in a trna molecule that undergoes complementary base pairing with mRNA codon |
autosome | the 22 pairs of chromosomes excluding the sex chromosomes (x and y) |
centromere | the region of a chromosome that seperates the two arms; site of attachment for the sspindle fibers during cell division |
chromosome | threadlike structure consisting of chromatin |
mRNA | is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein |
tRNA | is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74-95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation |
rRNA | RNA component of the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells.provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity |
translation | is the third stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). Where mRNA is decoded to create a protein. |
splicing (mRNA) | is a modification of an RNA after transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined. |
regulatory gene | is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. A regulator gene may encode a protein, or it may work at the level of RNA, as in the case of genes encoding microRNAs. |
examples of regulatory genes | promoter – bind RNA polymerase-before every structural gene properly orient the polymerase, give start point enhancer silencer |
disjunction | the seperation of chromosomes during cell division |
chromatid | is one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). |
antiparallel | In biochemistry, two molecules are that run side-by-side in opposite directions. 5 to 3 prime end |
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