Thorax (I) Word Scramble
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Term | Definition |
Functions of the Thoracic Wall (1) | Protect vital thoracic and abdominal organs |
Functions of the Thoracic Wall (2) | Resist negative internal pressure generated by elastic recoil of lungs and inspiratory movements |
Functions of the Thoracic Wall (3) | Provides attachment for and support the weight of upper limbs |
Functions of the Thoracic Wall (4) | Provides anchoring attachment of the muscles that move the upper limbs, abdomen, neck, back and that generates respiration |
RIB | Curved, flat bones that form most of the thoracic cage |
Classifications of the Ribs | True Ribs, False Ribs and Floating Ribs |
True Ribs (vertebrosternal) | 1st-7th; attach directly to the sternum through individual costal cartilage (one to one) |
False Ribs (vertebrosternal) | 8th-10th; cartilages connected to cartilage of rib superior to them; connection to sternum is indirect (vertebra to cartilage to sternum) |
Floating Ribs (vertebral, free) | 11th and 12th do not connect with sternum |
Components of a TYPICAL rib | Head, Neck, Tubercle and Body |
Head (Typical rib) | Wedge-shaped with two facets that articulate with numerically corresponding vertebra and the vertebra superior to it |
Neck (Typical rib) | Connects head to the body |
Tubercle (Typical rib) | At the junction of the head a body; has a smooth articular part for articulating with the corresponding transverse process of the vertebra |
Body (Typical rib) | Thin, flat, curved most markedly at the costal angle |
Components of an ATYPICAL rib | 1st, 10th, 11th and 12th ribs |
1st rib (Atypical rib) | broad, short and very sharply curved; single facet on head articulates with T1 vertebra only. Concave internal surface has costal groove to protect intercostal nerve and vessels |
10th-12th rib (Atypical rib) | only have one facet (smooth flat area covered by cartilage) |
Costal Cartilage | extend ribs anteriorly and contribute to elasticity of thoracic wall |
Intercostal Spaces | separates ribs and costal cartilage from one another; named according to rib forming superior border |
Thoracic vertebral characteristics (1) | Bilateral costal facets on vertebral bodies for articulation with heads of ribs |
Thoracic vertebral characteristics (2) | Costal facets on transverse processes for articulation with tubercles of ribs |
Thoracic vertebral characteristics (3) | Long, inferiorly oriented spinous process, usually overlap vertebrae below |
STERNUM | Flat, elongated bone that forms the middle of anterior part of thoracic cage; directly overlies much of heart |
MANUBRIUM | Trapezoidal bone, most superior structure; jugular notch medial landmark, clavicular notches articulate with clavicles bilaterally; sternal angle-formed by manubriosternal joint |
Body of Sternum | Longer, narrower main structure of sternum |
Xiphoid Process | Smallest and most variable part of sternum; thin and elongated but varies in form; cartilaginous in young people. It is the midline marker for superior level of liver. |
Superior Aperture | Bounded posteriorly by T1, laterally by rib 1 and costal cartilage and anteriorly by superior border of manubrium; passes through trachea, esophagus, nerves and vessels |
Inferior Aperture | Bounded posteriorly by T12, posterolaterally by ribs 11 + 12, anterolaterally by costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 and anteriorly by xiphisternal joint; attachment for diaphragm |
Costovertebral joints | synovial type; head of a rib articulates with superior costal facet of corresponding vertebra, the inferior costal facet of vertebra superior to it, and adjacent IV disc; |
Sternocostal joints | synovial type; 1st pair of costal cartilages articulates with manubrium; 2nd 7th pairs of costal cartilages articulate with body of sternum |
Three Movements of Thoracic Wall | Vertical dimension, anterior-Posterior Dimension, and Transverse Dimension |
Movements of Thoracic Wall: Vertical Dimension | Increases as diaphragm contracts and descends during inspiration; returns to neutral due to elastic recoil of lungs during expiration |
Movements of Thoracic Wall: Anterior-Posterior Dimension | Increases with contraction of intercostal muscles; pump-handle movement; primarily ribs 2-6 |
Movements of Thoracic Wall: Transverse Dimension | Increases slightly, raising lateral aspect of ribs; bucket-handle movement; primarily lower ribs |
Three Muscles of Thoracic Wall | External Intercostal Muscles, Internal Intercostal Muscles, and Innermost Intercostal Muscle |
Muscles of Thoracic Wall: External Intercostal Muscles | 11 pairs run infero-anteriorly from rib above to rib below ; most active during inspiration |
Muscles of Thoracic Wall: Internal Intercostal Muscles | 11 pairs; deep to and at right angles to external intercostals ; run infero-posteriorly from rib above to rib below (90 degrees), most active during expiration |
Muscles of Thoracic Wall: Innermost Intercostal Muscles | Essentially deeper parts of of internal intercostals but are separated from them by nerves and vessels (different from internal intercostal muscles because it has layer of fascia=arteries, veins and nerves) |
BREASTS | Extends transversely from lateral border of sternum to midaxillary line and vertically from 2nd thru 6th ribs primarily overlying pectoralis major muscle; glandular and supporting fibrous tissue embedded within a fatty matrix |
MAMMARY GLANDS | subcutaneous tissues, each lobule of gland is drained by lactiferous duct to nipple; suspensory ligaments support lobes of glands |
Lymphatic Drainage | Much of superior medial and both lateral quadrants drain into axillary nodes (75% drainage), medial portion and inferior medial quadrant drain into parasternal nodes |
CLAVICLES | Junction of thorax and neck; easily palpable throughout length; medial end articulates with manubrium, lateral end with scapula |
STERNUM | T3 and T4 vertebrae, anterior to the arch of aorta, jugular notch can be palpated btw sternal ends of clavicles, and has sternal angle where it articulates with sternal body at T4-T5 IV disk |
STERNAL ANGLE | lies at second pair of costal cartilages, main bronchi pass inferolaterallly from bifurcation of the trachea at level of the sternal angle |
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA | passes inferiorly deep to the manubrium |
Counting Ribs and Intercostal Spaces | 1st rib not palpable, begin counting 2nd rib adjacent to sternal angle, intercostal space numbered according to rib forming the superior boundary |
ANTERIOR MEDIAN (MIDSTERNAL) LINE | the intersection of the median plane with the anterior thoracic wall |
MIDCLAVICULAR LINES | pass through the midpoints of the clavicles, parallel to the anterior median line |
ANTERIOR AXILLARY LINE | runs vertically along the anterior axillary fold, which is formed by the border of the pectoralis major as it spans from the thorax to the humerus (arm bone) |
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