Hesi A2 Practice Word Scramble
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Question | Answer |
What are the 4 basic properties of life | reception,metabolism, reproduction, and organization |
What is reception | the ability of the organism to control its actions and respond to changes in the environment |
What is metabolism | the process of taking in and using nutrients to produce energy and growth |
What is reproduction | the ability to reproduce offspring to continue the species |
what is organization | divides the organism into distinct parts to perform these functions |
The two major types of study of the human body | Anatomy and physiology |
Anatomy | the study of body structures |
Physiology | the study of body functions |
Cells | smallest unit of life |
Tissues | combination of similar cells |
Organs | collection of tissues working together to perform a function |
Body systems | organs that work together to provide a major body function |
Organism | the beings that result when the body systems work to maintain life |
What are the major structures of a cell called | organelles |
List the cell structures | cell membrane,plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus,nucleolus,ribosomes,endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus,mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, microvilli, cilia, flagella (sperm), chromatin and chromosomes |
3 main parts of a cell | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
Function of: Plasma Membrane | Outside Boundary of the cell |
Cytoplasm | Living internal material of cells |
Nucleus | Brain of the cell;Dictates protein synthesis |
Ribosomes | Protein factories-make enzymes and protein |
Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough-move proteins from ribosomes to Golgi apparatus Smooth-make fats,carbs,and proteins |
Golgi Apparatus | chemical processing and packing center of proteins |
Mitochondria | Production of energy for cells |
Lysosomes | Contain enzymes that can digest food compounds |
Centrioles | Cell division and reproduction |
Microvilli | increase the ability to absorb substances |
Cilia | moves substances along surface of the cell |
Flagella | "tail" that propel sperm through fluids |
Nucleolus | form ribosomes |
Chromatin and Chromosomes | DNA (Total of 46) |
Homeostasis | maintain a state of balance |
Electrolytes | substance that ionizes when dissolved in water |
Cation | positive charge (acid) |
Anion | negative charge (base) |
pH | measures how acidic or basic a substance is from 0-14 |
pH of 0 | acidic (gastric juice) |
pH of 14 | basic (ammonia) |
pH of 7 | neutral (urine) |
Cation(+) electrolytes of the body | Sodium(Na+),Potassium(K+),Calcium(Ca+),Magnesium(+), and Hydrogen(H+) |
Anions(-) electrolytes of the body | Bicarbonate(HCO3-),Phosphate(HPO4-),Chloride(C-),Sulfate(SO4-) |
4 tissue types | Muscle,Epithelial,Nervous,Connective |
Muscle Tissue | Made of protein fibers,produce movement |
Epithelial Tissue | Covers the body,forms glands,and lines the surfaces of cavaties and organs |
Nervous Tissue | Specialized cells called neurons,transmits communications |
Connective Tissue | soft tissue(fat,blood cells)hard tissue(bones,ligaments, and cartilage) |
Body systems | Integumentary,Cardiovascular,Circulatory,Respiratory,Muscular,Skeletal,Digestive,Urinary,Endocrine,Nervous,Sensory,and Reproductive |
What is a Body System | a group of related organs that work together to accomplish functions necessary to maintain and support life |
Cardiovascular | Transports oxygen and nutrients to all body parts and removes waste products |
Circulatory | Blood and lymph that move throughout the body |
Respiratory | Exchange gases between the air and blood |
Muscular | Allows the body to move and controls movements within the body |
Skeletal | Provides body support and protection |
Digestive | Processes food and eliminate food waste |
Urinary | Filters the blood and removes liquid waste |
Endocrine | coordinates body activities through hormones |
Nervous | regulates the environment and sends messages to and from brain |
Reproductive | provides for human reproduction |
Lymph | fluid that circulate throughout the lymphatic system |
Integumentary | Covers the body and protects |
Oxygen debt | the debt of oxygen that is needed to convert the buildup of lactic acid back to glucose |
Aerobic breakdown | require oxygen |
Anaerobic breakdown | without oxygen |
how is potassium ingested | food |
how is potassium excreted | urine |
what hormone influence potassium excretion | aldesterone |
what hormone influence potassium movement into cells | insulin |
foods high in potassium | bananas,citrus fruits, tomatoes, and lentils |
potassium supplement | chloride tablet |
what is potassium levels influenced by | acid-base balance |
acidosis | potassium ions are outside the cells in extracellular fluid |
alkalosis | potassium is moved into the cells |
effect of abnormal high and low potassium levels | cardiac arrest |
hypokalemia | serum level of potassium is below 3.5 mEq per liter |
causes of hypokalemia | diarrhea,diuretics, excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids,decreased dietary intake, and insulin |
effects(signs)of hypokalemia | cardiac dysrhythmias,muscles become less responsive,paresthesias,decreased digestive tract motility, respiratory muscles become weak,and renal function is impaired |
hyperkalemia | serum level of potassium is above 5 mEq per liter |
causes of hyperkalemia | renal failure, deficit of aldosterone,use of diuretic drugs,leakage cell potassium into extracellular fluids, and severe acidosis |
effects(signs)of hyperkalemia | dysrhythmias,muscle weakness, fatigue,nausea, and paresthesias |
Symbol for Potassium | (K+) |
How does the 4 kinds of tissue differ from each other | size,shape,amount, kind, and function |
Epithelial Tissue | packed close together with little or no inter cellular material between them and no blood vessels |
what are the epithelial tissues | simple squamous, stratisfied squamous, simple columnar, stratisfied transitional, pseudostratisfied, and simple cuboidal |
simple squamous | single layer of flattened cells |
stratified squamous | many layers of flattened cells (skin) |
simple columnar | single layer of tall, narrow cells (stomach) |
stratified transitional | many layers of varying shapes, capable of stretching (bladder) |
pseudostratisfied | single layer of tall cells that wedge together to appear as if there are two or more layers (trachea) |
simple cuboidal | single layer of cells that are cube shaped |
What does simple layer mean | single |
what does stratified mean | many |
Connective tissue | Holds organs together and give them shapes |
what are the connective tissues | areolar,adipose,fibrous,bone,cartilage,blood,and hematopoietic |
Areolar | loose arrangement of fibers and cells (connection) |
Adipose | large fat compartments (protection and insulation) |
Dense fibrous | dense arrangement of collagen fiber bundles(flexible but strong) |
bone | hard, calcified osteons (support;protection) |
blood | liquid matrix with flowing red and white cells (transportation) |
hematopoietic | liquid matrix with dense arrangment of blood cell producing cells (blood cell formation) |
cartilage | hard but flexible matrix with embedded chondrocytes (ear) |
Muscle tissue | muscles that attach to the bones |
muscle tissues | skeletal,cardiac, and smooth |
skeletal | voluntary willed or control of skeletal muscle contractions |
Cardiac | forms the walls of the heart,produce the heartbeat |
Smooth | spindles, involuntary muscle control |
Nervous tissue | nerve cells that function as communication between body structures and control body functions |
nerve tissues | neurons and glia |
neurons | conductors which is the functional unit |
glia | the supporting cells |
parts of a nerve cell | cell body,axon, and dendrite |
axon | carries nerve impulses |
dendrite | carry nerve impulses to body |
Regeneration | tissue repair |
phagocytic cells | remove dead or injured cells |
size of a cell | microscopic and vary |
shapes of a cell | flat,brick,threadlike,irregular |
3 main parts of a cell | plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus |
differentiated | cells with different expression of genes |
undifferentiated | cells that have not undergone specialization (embryonic) |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid,identical genetic material for all human cells |
mitosis | cell cycle, cell duplicates into two genetically alike daughter cells |
mitosis cell cycle | prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase |
prophase | chromatin becomes chromosomes |
metaphase | chromosomes line up |
anaphase | chromosomes break and chromatids move to opposite sides (right-left) |
telophase | the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes |
5 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland | TSH,ACTH,FSH,LH,GH |
another name for anterior pituitary gland | master gland |
hormones function | stimulate endocrine gland to grow and secrete hormones |
Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) | Thyroid gland |
Adrenocarticotropic hormone (ACTH) | adrenal cortex |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)& Leutinizing hormone (LH) | ovaries and testes |
Growth hormone (GH) | Bones |
location of pituitary gland | skull;at the base of the brain connected by a stalk,blood vessels transport info from hypothalmus to master gland |
2 parts of the pituitary gland | anterior and posterior |
2 hormones of the posterior pituitary gland | Oxytocin,ADH |
Oxytocin | contraction of a pregnant uterus |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | reabsorption of water from renal tubles |
proteins,glycoproteins,polypeptides,amino-acid,lipids | Hormones |
Tropic hormones | increase other hormones growth and secretions |
Sex hormones | influence reproductive changers |
Anabolic hormones | stimulate tissue building |
Pituitary gland | somatropin hormone-promotes tissue growth |
Pineal gland | melatonin-sleep and wake cycle |
thyroid gland | thyroxine-metabolic rate |
parathyroid gland | parathyroid-calcium and phosphate in the blood/bones |
Thymus gland | thymosin-stimulates development of T cells |
Adrenal gland | epinephrine-autonomic nervous system response |
Pancreatic islet gland | insulin-regulates blood sugar |
Ovaries | Estrogen-regulates female sexual characteristics |
Testes | Testosterone-regulates male sexual characteristics |
Bronchi,bronchioles, and alveoli | respiratory system |
called the "upside-down tree" of the respiratory system | airtubes |
"trunk of the tree" | trachea |
bronchioles | small passageways |
surfactant | reduce surface tension in the alveoli |
respiratory distress | inability to inflate the alveoli of the lungs |
respiratory distress syndrome | a condition caused by absence or impairment of surfactant in the alveoli |
photo dynamic therapy | used for lung cancer that begin in the lining of the bronchial tubes |
red light laser | a beam used to destroy cancerous cells |
infant respiratory distress syndrome | lack of surfactant in the alveolar air sacs |
adult respiratory distress syndrome | impairment or removal of surfactant in the alveoli |
upper respiratory tract | provide entry for inhaled air, and exhaling |
upper respiratory tract structures | nose,para-nasal sinuses,pharynx,and larynx |
mucosa | serves as a trap for bacteria and foreign particles |
middle respiratory tract | long tube located in the mid-line of the thorax |
middle respiratory tract structure | trachea |
lower respiratory tract | lungs-respiration, transfer of oxygen, release carbon dioxide |
lower respiratory tract structures | left and right bronchi,bronchioles,lungs |
what is the function of the respiratory system | brings oxygen into the body through breathing process |
Inspiration | inhaling air, oxygen is brought into the lungs |
Expiration | exhaling air, carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs |
3 things the respiratory system does | exchanges gases between blood and the lungs, regulate body temp, maintain electrolyte balance |
sinuses | hallow spaces in the bones of the skull |
nasal air passage | nose-mouth-throat(pharnyx)-windpipe(trachea) |
tracheotomy | opening made in trachea as an alternative for exchange of gases |
pleura membrane | surrounds the lungs |
diaphragm | large flat muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity |
dyspnea | shortness of breath |
causes of dyspnea | large/small airway,intra-alveolar obstruction,alveolar septal lesions, destruction, increase in thickness,collapse,and central nervous cause (suffocation/drowning) |
adult respiratory distress syndrome causes | shock,pneumonia,toxic lung injury, and aspiration of fluids |
clinical features of ARDS | 24HRS severve distress,hypoxemia,hypercapnia,airless lungs |
atelectasis | collapse of part or all of a lung |
deafness | hearing loss |
causes of deafness | blockage,damage,abnormalities |
conductive hearing loss | external or middle ear damage/abnormalities |
sensory hearing loss | workplace noise, ototoxic drugs, unknown (elderly) |
neural hearing loss | lesions of cranial nerve or CNS |
Parts of the ear | external,middle,inner |
external ear | cartilage (pinna) |
middle ear | ear drum (tympanic membrane) and 3 bones malleus,incus, stapes |
sound travel passage | outer ear, ear canal,tympanic membrane, ossicles(3 bones)-conchlea-brain |
sensory system | eyes,ears,nose,tongue,skin |
eyes | vision(see) |
ears | audio(hear) |
nose | smell |
tongue | taste |
skin | touch |
orbital cavity | socket of the skull in which the eye is situated/protects |
tissue that cushions the eye | adipose |
protects the eye from injury | blinking |
lubricates the eye | conjuctiva mucous membrane |
forms tears | lacrimal apparatus |
control eye movement | extrincic muscles act on the OCULOMOTOR nerve |
how much of the eye is exposed to the environment | 1/5 |
white tissue of the eye | sclera |
focuses images | cornea |
supply eyes blood flow | iris, chorid, ciliary muscles |
what are the sections of the eyeball | anterior(filled with watery fluid) and posterior (gelatin like substance) |
opening of the eye | pupil |
iris | adjust thr light entering eye |
lens | focuses light on the retina |
the ear | organ that detect sound |
tympanic membrane | ear drum |
cerumen | ear wax that protects middle ear from foreign particles |
malleus | transmmits sound vibrations from ear drum to incus |
sends vibrations to the stapes | incus |
stapes | transmit sound vibrations from incus to the oval window |
eustachian tube | the opening between middle ear and the pharnyx |
function of the eustachian tube | pressure equalizer and fluid/mucus drainage |
hearing | interpretation of sound waves |
taste buds | specialized cells located in papillae of the tongue |
what type of cells are taste buds | chemoreceptors |
what taste does the tongue perceive | sweet,sour,bitter,and salty |
salivary gland | helps dissolve food |
hypoglossal nerve | provides movement to the muscle of the tongue |
olfactory system | sense of smell |
how many special cells are located in the skin | 5! meissner-touch,pacinian-pressure,krause's end bulb-cold,ruffini nerves-warmth,free nerve-pain |
consist of the brain and spinal cord | CNS |
consist of nerves | PNS |
master organ of the body | brain |
hypothalamus | controls body temp,fatigue,hunger,thirst |
pineal gland | produces serotonin |
pituitary gland | produces hormones (anterior/posterior) |
cerebellum | directs motor,control,balance,and equilibrium |
cerebrum | assist with motor control and cognitive functions |
medulla oblongata | connects the spinal cord to the brain |
olfactory nerve | sensory component for sense of smell |
optic nerve | registers visual information |
vagus nerve | slows down heart rate |
para sympathetic system | system that helps the body relax |
sympathetic system | system that helps the body react quickly |
adrenal gland | produce various hormones that trigger chemical activity |
facial nerve | controls the muscles of facial expression |
nervous system function | sense,interpret,respond to internal and external environment changes to maintain homeostasis |
meninges | surround the tissue of the brain |
c1-c8 | cervical nerves |
t1-t12 | thoracic nerves |
l1-l5 | lumbar nerves |
s1-s5 | sacral nerve |
afferent neurons | carry messages from the body to the brain |
efferent neurons | carry messages from the brain to the body |
connecting nerves | carry messages from afferent nerves to efferent nerves |
neuron | nerve bundle of fibers that carry impulses |
parts of a neuron | dendrites,cell body,and axon |
neuroglia | cells that act as "glue" to support,bind,repair and protect neurons |
astrocyte cells | help transfer substances from the blood to the brain |
microglia | destroy/engulf bacteria and fight infection |
synapse | spaces between neurons |
ganglia | transmit impulses |
thalmus | produce sensations,emotions |
integumentary | dermis(skin) |
flexion | the position that a limb assumes when it is bent |
extension | extends or can extend |
abductor | muscles that move limbs away from the mid line of the body |
adductor | muscle that moves limb towards the mid line of the body |
rotator | muscle that turns limb |
trapezius | chest muscle |
deltoid | shoulder muscle |
triceps | arm muscle |
biceps | thigh muscle |
qudriceps | lower leg muscle |
frontal muscle | raises eyebrow |
orbicularis oculi | closes eye |
orbicularis oris | draws lips together |
zygomaticus | elevates corner of mouth and lips |
masseter | closes jaw |
temperal | assist in chewing |
sternocleidomastoid | rotates and flexes the head and neck |
trapezius | extends head and neck |
how many chromosomes does cell contain | 46 |
gamates | sex cell that produce male spermatozoa/female ova |
how many chromosomes are left after meiosis | 23-male 23-female |
muscle groups | head and neck,upper extremities,trunk,lower extremities,adductor,hamstring,quadriceps,peroneus |
genetic variation | each offspring from a single set of parents is very likely to be genetically unique |
crossing-over | genes from a particular location cross over to the same location on the matching gene |
autosome | chromosomes who appear in pairs whose (members) have the same form but differ from other pairs |
allosome | pairs differ from autosome chromosomes and determine sex |
sex chromosome | a chromosome in sex determination |
genetic variation | caused by random mating and large populations |
meiosis | cell division necessary for sexual reproduction |
mitosis | cell duplicates into two genetically alike daughter cells |
reproduction | biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents" |
female reproductive cancers | breast cancer,endometrial cancer |
female reproductive disorders | ectopic pregnancy,endometriosis,menustrual problems,Premenstrual syndrome,fibroids,vaginitis,yeast infection |
pregnancy disorders | erythioblastosis fetalis(Rh),fetal alcohol syndrome |
female sexual transmitted diseases | chancroid,chlamydia,leukorrhea,pubic lice,genital warts,gonorrhea,herpes,human papilloman virus,pelvic inflammatory disease,syphilis,trichomonas, |
male reproductive cancers | prostate cancer,testes cancer |
male reproductive disorders | benign prostatic hypertrophy,cryptochidism,klinefelters syndrome,orchitis, |
male sexual transmitted disease | orchitis,phimosis |
external covering of the body | skin |
function of the skin | protects against external injury |
greek term for skin | derma |
dermatology | the specialty/study of skin |
dermatopathology | study of skin diseases |
layers of the skin | epidermis,dermis,adipose |
epidermis | outer layer of skin |
dermis | inner layer consist of blood vessels,nerves,hair follicles |
adipose | fat tissue |
proliferating | skin regeneration |
keratin | gives skin strength and elasticity |
melanocytes | pigment(melanin)producing cells |
sebaceous glands | secrete oil for the hair and skin |
sebum | oil secreted by sebaceous glands |
skin accessory structures | hair,nails,specialized glands,and nerves |
largest organ in the body | skin |
skin glands | sebaceous,sudoriferous, and ceruminous |
nails | protect fingers and toes from injury |
carbohydrates | preferred energy food of the body |
glucose | carb used by the body to supply energy |
glucose breakdown cycle | glycolysis,citric acid cycle,electron transfer |
glycolysis | the process of changing glucose into pyruvic acid |
how is ATP changed to ADP | glucose-mitochondria-ATP-ADP-returns to mitochondria for more energy |
how many essential amino acids are there | 8 |
metabolism | physical and chemical processes that produce energy |
Anabolism | building tissues from small compounds materials |
catabolism | breakdown of tissues into materials that may be reused or excreted |
nutrition | the study of food thats eaten and how it is used by the body |
nutrients | chemical materials in food |
5 nutrients essential to good health | carbs,vitamins,proteins,fats,minerals,water |
carbohydrates | found in plants,sugar,starch |
proteins | animal,eggs,milk |
fats | meat,oil |
vitamins | organic compounds |
minerals | simple compounds |
food groups | pyramid of six food groups to help plan meals,in a daily diet |
calories | amount of energy needed to raise the body's heat |
diet therapy | special diets used to treat specific health conditions |
q-angle | 10-15 degree angle between the quadriceps tendon and the patella tendon |
quadriceps | four headed muscle of the femur |
divides the left and right sides of heart | partion |
hollow organ | the heart |
how many chambers does the heart have | 4 |
chambers of the heart | 2 atria/2 ventricles |
which is smaller the atria/ventricle | atria |
recieving chamber | atria |
discharging chamber | ventricle |
heart cardiac muscle | myocardium |
heart smooth tissue | endocardium |
endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium lining |
thrombus | clot/clotting |
heart covering/lining | pericardium |
2 layers of pericardium | visceral and parietal |
pericardial edema | when visceral and parietal pericardium rub together causing severe chest pain |
pericardial effusion | fluid,pus,or blood accumulate between 2 pericardium layers and impair pumping of the heart |
cardiac tamponade | pressure on the heart from effusion |
pericarditis | swelling and irritation of the pericardium |
coverings of the heart | the heart-myocardium-epicardium-pericardium(visceral/parietal) |
systole | contraction of the heart (heart beat) |
diastole | relaxation of the heart |
right heart blood flow | Body-Superior/Inferior vena cava-Right atrium-Tricuspid valve-Right ventricle-Pulmonaric valve-Pulmonary artery-Lungs to pick up oxygen |
left heart blood flow | Lungs-Pulmonary veins- left atrium -mitral valve- left ventricle- aortic valve- aorta- body |
pericardial sac | holds the heart |
pericardial fluid | keep the surface moist and prevent friction |
atrioventricular valves | regulate the proper inflow and outflow of blood from each chamber during heart contractions |
heart beats per minute | 60-80 |
murmur | sound of the heart flow of blood through the chambers |
cardiovascular system | transport nutrients and oxygen to the body |
cardiovascular structures | heart and blood vessels |
heart location | thoracic cavity between the lungs,left of the sternum, |
pulmonary circulation | right side heart flow to lungs |
systemic circulation | left side heart flow to rest of body |
hepatic circulation | blood flow from intestines,gallbladder,pancreas,stomach, and spleen |
arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
veins | carry blood back to the heart |
capillaries | microscopic vessels that carry blood between arterial and venous vessels |
aorta | the largest artery in the body |
arterioles | smaller artery branches |
venules | smaller veins |
deoxygenated blood flow | right chambers of the heart and body |
oxygented blood flow | left chambers of the heart and lungs |
Created by:
jazzcl07
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