Conditions in OT (4th ed.) - Atchison & Dirette - CH.6_terms
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| Paranoid schizophrenia | characterized by presence of hallucinations or delusions, w/o disorganized thoughts or behavior or socially inappropriate behavior; very suspicious of others; have grand schemes of persecution at the root of their behavior
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| Disorganized schizophrenia | (Hebephrenic) presents w/disorganized behavior, verbally incoherent & may have moods & emotions that aren’t appropriate; hallucinations usually aren’t present
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| Catatonic schizophrenia | (rarest) person is extremely withdrawn, negative & isolated, & has marked psychomotor disturbance (abnormal posture & movement), & minimal speech or echolalia
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| Residual schizophrenia | person is not currently suffering from delusions, or disorganized speech & behavior, but lacks motivation & interest in day-to-day living
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| Schizoaffective disorder | persons have symptoms of schizophrenia as well as mood disorders such as major depression, bipolar mania, or mixed mania
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| Undifferentiated schizophrenia | is given when the individual does not meet criteria for any of the other types while still meeting the general DX criteria for schizophrenia
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| Affect | observable facial expressions of a feeling or emotion; patients may be described as having a flat or blunt affect
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| Affective flattening | a blank, blunted facial expression or less lively facial movements, flat voice, or physical movements
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| Alogia | impoverished speech; difficulty or inability to speak
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| Anhedonia | loss of pleasure in previously enjoyed activities
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| Antipsychotic medication | meds designed to reduce the positive & negative symptoms
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| Associality | decreased interest in socialization & maintenance of relationships
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| Avolition | decreased motivation; reduction, difficulty, or inability to initiate & persist in goal-directed behavior
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| Catatonic behavior | loss of responsiveness to environmental clues; may become rigid or have bizarre postures, resist attempts to reposition; excessive, non-purposeful motor activity may be observed
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| Cogwheel rigidity | stiff movement in one direction in small evenly placed segments; the tension in the muscle gives way in little jerks when the muscle is passively stretched
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| Cognitive symptoms | (cognitive deficit) problems with attention, certain types of memory, & the executive functions that allow us to plan & organize; can be difficult to recognize, but are most disabling in terms of leading a normal life
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| Delusions | atypical & well-organized beliefs not explained by evidence or culture; fixed beliefs that are typically due to misinterpretation of an event/experience; delusions are categorized as bizarre or nonbizarre
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| Bizarre delusions | characterized by beliefs of events that are clearly impossible; ex. A belief that you were impregnated by aliens while you slept
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| Nonbizarre delusions | example: the belief that all coworkers are talking about the person; individual may interpret that all private conversations observed at work to be about oneself
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| Delusions of grandeur | self-inflated views present in conversation
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| Disorganized behavior | unpredictable, socially inappropriate behaviors that interfere with daily activities; example: agitated or angry outburst; sexually acting out in public (masturbation); difficulties in performing goal-directed tasks such as meal prep or grooming
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| Disorganized thinking | person has difficulty organizing thoughts or connecting them logically; speech may be garbled or hard to understand; "thought blocking"; may make up words
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| Dysphoria | depressed mood; can be present during or following a psychotic episode & may require intervention
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| Extrapyramidal syndrome | abnormal movements similar to Parkinson’s caused by antipsychotic meds (by blocking dopamine receptors)
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| Five types of delusions | persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, & grandiose
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| Fixed ideas | an individual holds an unchangeable idea
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| Flight of ideas | accelerated speech with rapid changes in subject; associations are understandable unlike the lack of connections that are associated with looseness of associations
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| Genotype | genetic make-up of humans/ animals
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| Hallucinations | the experience of particular sensations that re not real to others & that are experienced while awake; usually auditory or visual, but can sometimes include other senses
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| Ideas of reference | individuals believe that others are talking about or referring to them
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| Negative symptoms | (refers to reductions in normal emotional & behavioral states) include flattened affect, alogia, avolition, anhedonia, & associality, low energy, lack of emotion
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| Neurotransmitters | chemical transmitters, such as dopamine & glutamate, secreted by neurons that bind receptors on nearby cells
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| Paranoia | persecutory delusions;
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| Persecutory (paranoid) delusions | the most common of all delusions; one believes himself to be victimized, ridiculed, or place under surveillance by known/unknown persons; paranoia is a type of persecutory delusions
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| Referential delusions (delusions of reference) | fairly common; one believes that common cues from the environment hold special meaning or message for them; ex. Person thinks a newspaper story is specifically targeted to the individual
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| Somatic delusions | marked by beliefs that involve the person’s body; ex. Person believes that they are pregnant despite evidence to the contrary
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| Religious delusions | person may believe that they are Jesus or acting out direct orders from God
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| Grandiose delusions | examples include believing that one is all-powerful or important; acting on secret orders from the president of the US; believing that they are a genius, etc.
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| Phenotype | observable physical characteristics
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| Positive symptoms | delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, & disorders of movement; delusions are the most common type of _____ observed in people with schizophrenia; could be continuous or intermittently, but rarely abate completely
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| Premorbid functioning | the period from birth to the prodromal phase
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| Prodromal phase | phase can range from weeks or months to years before full onset of symptoms
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| Psychosis | the presence of delusions or hallucinations w/out insight; inability to distinguish fantasy from reality
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| Relapse | return of symptoms
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| Tangential thinking | rapid shifting from one thought to a closely related thought
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| Tardive dyskinesia | motor abnormalities such as writhing movements caused by antipsychotics meds (by blocking dopamine receptors)
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| disorganized speech | (frequent derailment or incoherence) "word salads"; ongoing disjointed or rambling monologues in which a person seems to be talking to himself or imagined people or voices
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