Essential terms for STAAR-EOC Biology
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| Mutation | any change in the sequence of the bases in DNA
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| evolution | the process of changing over time
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| natural selection | nature picks the best traits; more helpful traits become more frequent in a population when there are more offspring than resources
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| speciation | two groups within a species seperate or differ to the point they will no longer reproduce
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| phylogeny | the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
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| fitness | the ability to survive to reproduce and pass on your genes
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| geographic isolation | a physical barrier divides a population
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| analogous structures | body parts with similar function but not similar structure; they do not point to a recent commom ancestor
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| homologous structures | body parts with similar structure that point to a commom ancestor
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| vestigial structures | small or incomplete body parts that are no longer of use to the species but may have served a use to a common ancestor
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| stasis or genetic equillibrium | genetic stability, staying the same genetically
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| mimicry | One species evolves traits to resemble another species
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| genetic drift | affects the genetic makeup of the population through a random process
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| gene flow | movement of alleles from one population to another
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| taxonomy | study of relatedness of organisms; classifying organisms based on similarities
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| dichotomous key | series of paired statements (yes or no questions) that helps identify species; helps to organize organisms by characteristics
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| phylogenetic tree or cladogram | a diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships within a group of organisms
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| aerobic | requires oxygen
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| anaerobic | does not require oxygen
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| extremophiles | organisms that thrive in places where most other life can not (i.e. Archaea)
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| vascular tissue | these plants have tubes which transport water and nutrients ; (xylem and phloem)
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| terrestrial | land, or lives on land
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| invertebrate | have no backbone or spinal column
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| vertebrate | have a backbone and spinal column
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| reproductive isolation | members of a population are not able or choose not to breed with other members of the population; can be geographic, temporal, behavioral
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| bottle neck | occurs when a large number of the population is removed by a random event
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| adaptation | a body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment
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| biogeography | The study of the distribution of different species of organisms around the planet and the factors that influenced that distribution.
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| Founder effect | occurs when few individuals relocate a new location to live, often a result of geographic isolation
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| Protista | single and multicellular organisms that are plant-like, animal-like and fungi-like. They are eukaryotic and some are multi- or uni- cellular, hetero- or auto-trophic.
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| Eubacteria | Single-celled prokaryotes that have a cell wall
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| Archaea Bacteria | Single-celled prokaryotes that have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
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| Animalia | Eukaryotic cells, multicelluar, heterotrophs
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| Plantae | Eukaryotic cells, multicellular, autotrophs
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| Fungi | Eukaryotic cells, multicellular, have cell walls made of chitin, heterotrophs
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