HA&P Chapter 3&4
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| cyt- | cell
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| cytoplasm | fluid and organelle that occupy the space between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope
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| endo- | within
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| endoplasmic reticulum | complex of membranous structures within the cytoplasm
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| hyper- | above
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| hypertonic | solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than body fluids
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| hypo- | below
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| hypotonic | solution that has a lesser osmotic pressure than body fluids
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| inter- | between
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| interphase | stage that occurs between mitotic divisions of a cell
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| iso- | equal
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| isotonic | solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids
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| mit- | thread
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| mitosis | process of cell division when thread-like chromosomes become visible within a cell
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| phag- | to eat
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| phagocytosis | process by which cell takes in solid particles
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| -som | body
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| ribosome | tiny, spherical structure that consists of protein and RNA
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| active transport | process that uses metabolic energy to move a substance across a cell membrane, usually against the concentration gradient
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| apoptosis | The death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
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| cell membrane | selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins; plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
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| centrosome | cellular organelle consisting of two centrioles
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| chromosome | rod-like structure that condenses from chromatin in a cell's nucleus during mitosis
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| cytoplasm | contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus and cell membrane
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| cytoskeleton | A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.
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| differentiation | cell specialization due to differential gene expression
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| diffusion | random movement of molecules from a higher concentration toward one of lower concentration
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| endocytosis | process by which a cell membrane envelopes a substance and draws it into the cell in a vesicle
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| endoplasmic reticulum | organelle composed of a system of concentrated membranous tubules and vesicles along which protein is synthesized
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| equilibrium | state of balance between two opposing forces
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| exocytosis | transport of substances out of a cell in vesicles
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| facilitated diffusion | where carrier molecules transport substances across membranes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
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| filtration | movement of material across a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure
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| Golgi apparatus | an organelle that prepares cellular products for secretion
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| lysosome | organelle that contains digestive enzymes
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| mitochondrion | organelle that houses exzymes to catalyze reactions of aerobic respiration
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| nucleolus | small structure within a cell nucleus that contains rna and proteins
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| nucleus | cell organelle enclosed by double-layer, porous membrane and contains DNA, dense core of atom
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| organelle | part of a cell that performs a specialized function
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| osmosis | diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane in response to concentration gradient
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| pinocytosis | process by which a cell engulfs droplets from its surroundings
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| selectively permeable | membrane that allows some things through but not all.
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| vesicle | membranous cytoplasmic sac formed by infolding of cell membrane
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| an- | without
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| anaerobic respiration | respiratory process that proceeds without oxygen
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| ana- | up
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| anabolism | cellular processes that use smaller molecules to build larger ones
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| cata- | down
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| catabolism | cellular process that breaks larger molecules down into smaller ones
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| de- | undoing
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| deamination | process that removes the nitrogen-containing portions of amino acid molecules
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| mut- | change
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| mutation | change in genetic information of a cell
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| -zym | causing to ferment
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| enzyme | protein that initiates or speeds a chemical reaction without itself being consumed
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| aerobic respiration | the complete, energy releasing, breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen
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| anticodon | three contiguous nucleotides of a transfer rna molecule that are complementary to a specific mrna codon
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| codon | set of three nucleotides of a messenger rna molecule corresponding to a particular amino acid
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| dehydration synthesis | anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule synthesis
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| gene | portion of dna that encodes info to synthesize a protein a control sequence or trna of rrna the unit of inheritance
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| hydrolysis | enzymatically adding water molecule to split a molecule into smaller portions
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| oxidation | process which oxygen combines with another chemical the removal of hydrogen or the loss of electrons, opposite of reduction
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| replication | reproduction of exact dna molecule
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| substrate | substance which an enzyme acts upon
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