APUSH - Clark - Terms
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| Freedmen's Bureau | est. by Congress 1865; distributed food to ex-slaves, established schools run by missionaries/teachers from N aid societies & church groups; made efforts to settle blacks on their own land; only had authority to operate 1yr, too small to deal w/ problems
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| Thirteenth Amendment | abolition of slavery
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| Fourteenth Amendment | citizenship defined and guarenteed
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| Fifteenth Amendments | It guaranteed that no one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave. It was to prevent states from amending their constitutions to deny black suffrage.
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| Oliver O. Howard | General Howard was commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
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| Thaddeus Stevens | Reconstruction era congressional leader of the Radical Republicans who sought equality for southern blacks
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| Charles Sumner | 1856, Charles Sumner denounced the south for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr.
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| Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan | Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction- offered a general pardon to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the US and accepted the Union's proclamation concerning slavery
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| Wade-Davis Bill | rival plan for Reconstruction. Required a majority of white men in each southern state to swear loyalty to the Union. Denied right to vote or hold office to anyone who fought in the Confederacy
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| John Wilkes Booth | Lincoln's Assasinator
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| Andrew Johnson | President after Lincoln was killed
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| Presidential Reconstruction | headed by Lincoln and Johnson
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| Black Codes | passed by Southern legislatures to regulate the lives of freed slaves. These black codes restricted blacks from voting, to serve on juries, to assemble unless white Southners were present, to be on the streets past sunset, to travel without permits.
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| First Civil Rights Act | 1857 set up a commission to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal investigations to protect voting rights
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| Grantism | the "liberal republicans" opposed what they called "grantism," and left the Republican party in 1872 in order to nominate their own presidential candidate and prevent Grant's reelection.
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| Civil service reform | (giving jobs to thoes who were qualified (not political supporters)
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| Horace Greeley | editor of the NY tribune, presidential Rep. candidate in 1872
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| Credit Mobilier | a corporation to finance and construct the Union Pacific. Formed by large stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad
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| "Whiskey Ring" | was a group of distillers who bribed federal agents to avoid paying the treasury millions in exise tax. Grant insisted that no one escape punishment, until his private secreatry, Orville Babcock, was found guilty of taking bribes from the distillers.
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| "Indian Ring" | Secretary of war William Belknap was bribed into selling indian trading posts in Oklahoma. He was disgraced by congress so he resigned.
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| Panic of 1873 | this panic w as touched off by the failure of the Jay Cooke company. A stock market crash soon followed and caused great unimployment and bussiness failures. Sharpley decreased profit margins
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| "Greenbacks" | It was legal tender (paper money) issued by the U.S. government .
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| "Seward's Folly" | the purchase of Alaska
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| "Alabama claims" | claims made by the US govt against Britain for the damage inflicted on Northern merchant ships during the Civil War by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers that had been built by Britain
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| "Redeemers" | Wanted to reduce the size of state government and limit the rights of african americans.
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| Henry Grady | editor of the _Atlanta Constitution_; supported a viorous industrial economy for the S; promoted virtues of thrift, industry, and progress
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| "New South" | The american south area is now known as the new south or sun belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrialnorth
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| Joel Chandler Harris | Humorist and journalist noted for adaptations of black folk legends and characters such as Brer Rabbit.
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| James B. Duke | Named after president james buchanon, James B. Duke controlled 93% of the tobacco business. This percentage was the most comprehensive monoply in America.
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| "Convict-lease system" | State leased out inmates to a business for a fixed annual fee and gave up supervision and control
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| Tenants and sharecroppers | (blank)
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| Booker T. Washington | former slave, 1881, established industrial, agricultural schools for blacks
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| Tuskeggee Institute | a trade school for African Americans.
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| Atlanta Compromise | 1895 Speech by Booking T. Washington speech urges hard work and separatism
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| Jim Crow | when the black codes were outlawed the southerners created the Jim Crow laws that segregated African Americans
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| Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 | Amend. 14;Equal Protection Clause - Plessy was a 30 year old shoemaker who was jailed for sitting in the "white" car of the train. The case went all the way to the Supreme court but Plessy lost his case, and seperate but equal was declared constitutional
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| Poll Tax | Fee paid by a voter in order to vote
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| "Literacy" test | Required voters to read and explain a difficult part of the Constitution before they would be allowed to vote
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| Grandfather laws | Excused a voter from a poll tax or literacy test if his father or grandfather had voted before 1867
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| Lynchings | practice of inflicting of sentence of death by a self-constituted court armed with no legal authority
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| Ida B. Wells | editor of the Memphis free speech, a black newspaper, dedicated against lynching and the Jim crow laws
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| Congressional reconstruction | 1866-1873 emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for the Freedmen
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| Working Women's Association | (blank)
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| Tenure of Office Act | denied the President of the United States the power to remove from office anyone who had been appointed or approved by Congress, unless the removal was also approved by Congress. President Andrew Johnson broke the law which led to his impeachment
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| Ex Parte Milligan | 1866, Supreme Court declared it was illegal to have military tribunals in places where civil courts were functioning; eventually court denied jurisdiction in Reconstruction cases to preserve its rights, due to Congressional proposals in response to this
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| Scalawags | white Southerners who cooperated with Radical Republicans.
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| Carpetbaggers | Northerners who came to the South to become political leaders
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| Civil Rights Act 1875 | Outlawed racial discrimination in transportation, public accommodations, and juries. Federal authorities had little time to enforce this law, leaving segregated facilities untouched throughout the South.
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| "40 acres and a mule" | is a term for compensation that was to be awarded to freed African American slaves after the Civil War— 40 acres (16 ha) of land to farm, and a mule with which to drag a plow so the land could be cultivated.
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| Crop lien system | borrowing supplies from local merchants with a mortgage on their crops to be paid at harvest
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| Liberal Republicans | reform minded, nominated Horace Greeley in 72 - they were reformers under Carl Schurz, a German political refugee, that had split from the Republican party because they wanted an honest canidate for president.
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