learning objectives from histo for cartilage and joints
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| For which specific function is cartilage designed? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 main components of cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | A CT layer that surrounds cartilage not attached to bone. It is composed primarily of collagen(ic) fibers and is composed of two layers: the outer fibrous and inner chondrogenic layer.
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| show | During cartilage formation.
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| show | Fibroblasts/cytes predominate in the fibrous portion; chondrogenic cells in the chondrogenic layer.
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| Where do chondrogenic cells come from and what do they become? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of a chondroblast? | show 🗑
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| Identify the type of growth that occurs at the surface of the cartilage? | show 🗑
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| Appositional growth can be attributed to which cells doing what? | show 🗑
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| What is a lacunae? | show 🗑
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| What is a cell nest (isogenous group)? | show 🗑
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| show | A mature chondroblast trapped within it’s own lacuna and now unable to secrete any further serious amounts of cartilaginous matrix.
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| What is territorial matrix and how does it differ from interterritorial matrix? | show 🗑
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| Which specific fiber types are found in the matrix of cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells differentiate into precartilage cells that continue differentiation to become chondroblasts that then become chondrocytes that are finally housed in an isogenous group (cells nest).
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| show | A- formation of new cartilage at surface of cartilaginous mass, occurs throughout life I- growth due to secretion of matrix by chrondroblasts w/in cartilaginous mass, occurs during embryonic development
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| show | Continued differentiation of chondroblasts from chondrogenic cells are primarily responsible for appositional growth, continued division of chondroblasts responsible for interstitial growth Both growths result from accumulation of new matrix
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| show | Amorphous ground substance and fibers.
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| What are the three major GAC's of the extracellular matrix of cartilage? | show 🗑
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| How is a proteoglycan monomer formed? | show 🗑
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| show | A single hyaluronic acid molecule associated with approximately 80 proteoglycan monomers forms hylauronic proteoglycan aggregates that bind to fibrous components of the cartilage matrix by cross-linking proteins.
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| In which forms is water present in this matrix and what is the function of each form? | show 🗑
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| show | Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
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| show | Hyaline- entire fetal skeleton (long bones), comprises the tracheal rings and skeleton of the larynx in the postnatal condition; elastic comprises the epiglottis and pinna of the ear; fibrocartilage comprises the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs.
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| Which type of collagen fibers is most abundant in hyaline cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes. Over surfaces that are not attached to bone.
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| Does hyaline cartilage normally calcify? Why might it? | show 🗑
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| Which fiber type is found in elastic cartilage? | show 🗑
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| Does elastic cartilage ever calcify? | show 🗑
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| show | Resilience - its ability to spring quickly back into its original shape.
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| Does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium? Is it complete? Why/why not? | show 🗑
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| show | No, it is adherent to bone
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| Which specific fiber type is found in its matrix? | show 🗑
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| show | Resistance - due to the large, thick bundles of the toughest form of collagen (type I).
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| show | They are “pushed/squeezed” into rows by the large bundles of parallelly-arranged collagen fibers.
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| Which component of a synovial joint might be composed of fibrocartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | Condensed hyaline cartilage – less ground substance, more fibers per unit area.
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| show | Lining the articulating surfaces of bones within an articulation (synovial joint).
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| show | Hyaline cartilage
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| show | By diffusion from the blood vessels of the marrow space of the underlying bone and by diffusion from the surrounding CT capsule via synovial fluid.
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| show | Non-responsive due to lack of sufficient vascularization that results in lack of sufficient nutrients by diffusion to facilitate/promote regeneration.
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| show | Osteoarthritis
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| show | Good in children due to lots of surrounding vascularization; less common in adults as they age due to decreased surrounding vascularization.
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| show | Bone.
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| How would bone replace cartilage? Why would this occur? | show 🗑
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| show | The presence/absence of a synovial cavity.
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| How is a synovial joint classified functionally? | show 🗑
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| Does it have a joint cavity? | show 🗑
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| What is used to hold the articulating bones together? | show 🗑
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| show | They assist in guiding the articulating surfaces.
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| Name a joint that contains an intra-articular disc. | show 🗑
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| What are the regions seen in a section through the synovial membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | Secrete synovial fluid (fibroblast-like Type II or B cells modify fluid from underlying capillaries of the CT layer); and 2. keep the cavity free of debris (the macrophage-like Type I or A cells) phagocytose particulate matter within the synovial cavity.
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| show | Areolar (overlies loose CT); fibrous (overlies the dense regular CT capsule, tendons and ligaments); and adipose (surrounded by adipose tissue of the superficial fascia ie. bursae).
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