HP Homeostasis
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| physiology | the study of how living organisms function
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| physiological genomics | integration of physiology and molecular biology
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| pathophysiology | when physiology goes wrong
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| levels of organization | cells, tissues, organs, organ system
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| cells are the simplest structural units into which | complex multicellular organisms can be divided and still retain the functions characteristic of life
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| cell differentation is the process of | a cell transforming into a specialized cell from an unspecialized cell during development to perform a certain function
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| four major categories of cell functions | muscle cells, neurons, epithelial cells and CT cells
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| thre types of muscle cells | smooth, cardiac, skeletal
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| tissues are | differentiated cells with common properties that come together
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| the four general types of tissue includes | muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue and CT
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| organs are | one type of tissue combined with another type of tissue
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| organ systems are | groups of organs working together
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| the two types of involuntary tissues | cardiac and smooth muscle
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| a neuron is a cell of the...that is sepcialized to... | nervous system...initate, integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells
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| epithelial cells are specialized for the | selective secretion and absoprtion of ions and organic molecules and for protection
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| epithelial cell types | squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated
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| the basement membrane is where...rest and is made of... | epithelial cells...extracellular proteins
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| CT cells | connect, anchor and support the structures of the body
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| the side3 of the cell anchored ot the basement membrane is called the...and the side that faces the lumen is the... | basolateral side...apical side
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| dense CT makes up | tendons and ligaments
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| blood is considered a type of...because... | fluid CT ...of its embryonic origins being similar to other CTs
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| the extracellular matrix is formed by some...and surrounds... | CT...the immediate environment of each cell
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| the matrix serves two general functions 1) it provides...and 2) it transmits | scaffolding for cellular attachments...info in the form of chemical messengers to the cells to help regulate their activity, migration and growht/differentiation
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| the proteins of the extracellular matrix are made of...specifically... | fibers...collagen and elastin
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| 1/3 of all bodily proteins are made of | collagen fibers
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| functional units are...example... | similar subunits of organs...kidneys have nephrons
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| circulatory system includes the | heart, blood vessels and blood
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| the circulatory system functions to | transport blood throughout the body
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| digestive system includes the | mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines, anus, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
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| the digestive system functions to | digest and aborp nutrients and water and to eliminate waste
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| the endocrine system includes all | glands or organs secreting hormones such as the pancreas, testes/ovaries, hypothalamus, thyroid, pituitary, paraythroids, adrenals, smotahc, small intestine, liver, adipose tissue, heart and pineal gland
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| the endocrine system functions to | regulate and coordinate many activities in the body including growth, metabolism, reproduction, blood pressure, water and electrolyte balance
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| immue system includes the...and functions to... | white blood cells, spleen and thymus...defend against pathogens
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| the integumentary system includes the...and functions to... | skin...protect against injury and dehydration/against pathogens and it regulates body temp
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| the lymphatic system includes the...and functions to... | lymph vessels and lymph nodes...collect extracellular fluid for return to circulation and it participates in immune defense
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| the musculoskeletal system includes the...and functions to... | cartilage, bone, ligaments, tendons, joints, skeletal muscle...support, protect and move the body and it also produces blood cells
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| the nervous system condaints the | brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and ganglia and sense organs
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| the nervous system functions to regulate and coordinate | many activities in the body, detect and respond to changes in the internal/external environment; states of consciousness; learning; memory;emotions
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| the reproductive system includes the | testes, penis, ducts/glands, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
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| the reproductive system functions to | produce/transport sperm or produce eggs, privide a nutritive environment for baby
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| the respiratory system includes the... and functions to... | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs...exchange oxygen for co2 and regulates hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids
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| the urinary system includes the...and functions to... | kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra....regulate plasma composition through controlled excretion of salts, water and organic wastes
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| two characteristics common to all forms of life are | metabolism and replication
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| the internal environment of the body refers to the | fluids that surround each cell and exists in the blood
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| extracellular fluid is the fluid that is | outside of cells
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| what portion of the extracellular fluid is blood | 20-25%
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| the portion of the blood in extracellular fluid is called | plasma
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| interstitial fluid is the remaining...which lies... | 75-80% of extracellular fluid...around and between cells
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| interstitium is the space containing | interstitial fluid
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| the total volume of extracellular fluid is the | sum of the plasma and interstitial fluid
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| intracellular fluid is the fluid | inside the cells
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| maintaining differences in fluid composition across the cell membrane is an important way in which cells | regulate their own activity
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| the smallest blood vessel is the | capillary
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| who realized that a constant internal environment is required for good health and who coined the term? | claude bernard and walter cannon
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| homeostasis is a...process in which there is a... | dynamic...state of reasonable stable balance between physiological variables
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| dynamic constancy means that there may be | considerable variation in glucose values over short time periods but less when they are averaged over long periods of time
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| homeostatic control systems react to | changes in the extracellular fluid in order to correct the change
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| a steady state is a system in which a | particular variable is not changing but in which energy is needed to maintain a constant condition
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| equilibrium is where a particular variable is | not changing but no input of energy is required to maintain the constancy
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| set point | the constant or normal variable
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| stability of an internal environmental variable is achieved by the | balancing of inputs and outputs
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| negative feedback systems are where an...or..in the variable being regulated brings about... | increase...decrease...responses that tend to move the variable in the direction opposite of the direction of the original change
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| what plays a vital role in the checks and balances on most physiological variables? | negative feedback
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| an enzyme is a | protein that catalyzes chemical reactions
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| positive feedback loops | accelerate a process leading to an explosive system such as in child birth
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| the set point of some variables regulated by homeostatic control systems can be reset, that is... | physiologically raised or lowered
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| feedforward regulations... | anticipate changes in regulated variables, improves the speed of bodys homeostatic responses and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated and sends out a signal to the brain before the change occurs
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| a reflex is a | built in response to a particular stimulus
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| the pathway mediated a reflex is known as the | reflex arc
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| the reflex arc contains | a stimulus (detectable change), a receptor (detects the change), afferent pathway to the integrating center (compared to the set point where the signal is relayed) then the efferent pathway to the effector (where response is carried out)
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| a hormone is a type of | chemical messenger secreted into the blood by cells of the endocrine system
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| a local homeostatic response are...and are initated by..and they induce | biological responses..a change in external/internal environment...an alteration of cell activity with the net effect of counteracting the stimulus
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| unlike a reflex, the local homeostatic response occurs only in the | area of the stimulus
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| target cells are | the cells that hormone "messenger cells" go to
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| hormones are produced in and secreted from | endocrine glands
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| neurotransmitters are | chemical messengers that are released from endings of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells
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| neurotransmitters diffuse through...and is not released into the... | extracellular fluid...blood
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| paracrine substances are | chemical messengers that are involved in local communication between cells
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| autocrine substances do not... but are secreted into the...and then act upon... | communicate between cells...extracellular fluid...the very cell that secreted it
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| in gap junction communication, molecules move from | one cell to an adjacent cell without entering the extracellular fluid
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| juxtacrine is located in...and allow... | cell membranes...similar cell membranes to link up
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| the term adaptation denotes a | characteristic that favors survival in specific environments
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| acclimatization is the | improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system
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| developmental acclimatization occurs | very early in life and may be irreversible
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| entrainment | setting of the actual hours of the rhythm
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| free-running rhythm | a cycle that persists in the absence of environmental cues
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| phase-shift rhythms | resetting the internal clock aka jet lag
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| pacemaker is also known as the | suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus is the biological time clock
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| pineal gland secretes | melatonin
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| the pool is the body's | readily available quantity of a substance and is often identical to the amount present in the extracellular fluid
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| negative balance means that | loss exceeds gain
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| positive balance means that | gain exceeds loss
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| stable balance means | gain equals loss
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Created by:
handrzej
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