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PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFERS & GAS EXCHANGE

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Question
Answer
What is physiological pH?   7.4  
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respiratory acidosis   retention of CO2  
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respiratory alkalosis   loss of CO2  
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metabolic acidosis   loss of HCO3  
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metabolic alkalosis   loss of H3O  
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How does blood compensate for reduced uptake of oxygen?   increase heart rate and make more blood cx  
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What kind of rxn is the binding / releasing of oxygen from Fe?   redox  
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What does myoglobin do? Does it have quaternary structure?   -transfers oxygen from hemoglobin to muscle cell -no  
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How many oxygens can myoglobin bind to?   one  
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Does myoglobin exhibit cooperativity and Bohr effect?   NO  
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How is CO2 carried through blood?   1. physical solution (plasma) 2. bicarbonate ion (RBC) 3. combined with hemo (carbamino cpds)  
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How to form bicarbonate?   CO2 enters RBC - meets carbonic anhydrase - combines with water to form carbonic acid - bicarbonate  
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Does gas exchange require ATP?   NO --> passive process  
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Pulmonary arteries turns into pulmonary ______ in the lungs.   capillaries  
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How can respiratory system adjust to high altitudes?   1. breathe rapidly 2. make more RBC 3. develop more blood vessels 4. alter binding of hemo and oxygen  
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polycythemia   making more RBC  
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What is the oxygen pressure that enters lungs vs. pressure in alveoli?   40 mmHg vs. 105 mmHg  
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Do we breathe out bicarbonate?   NO! Reverse rxn occurs in alevoli to produce CO2  
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To balance electrostatic forces, what moves out of cx when bicarbonate is formed?   chloride  
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What is a buffer?   acid/base sponge that soaks up excess H+ or OH-  
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How does kidney fit into balance of carbon dioxide in blood?   increase / decrease amt of bicarbonate ion secreted into nephron  
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What is the shape of the O2-dissociation curve?   sigmoidal  
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What does the O2-dissociation curve depend on?   CO2 pressure, pH, temp, and 2,3-DPG  
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Why is the shape of the O2-dissociation curve sigmoidal?   positive cooperativity in hemo  
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What does a right shift mean?   at the same pressure of oxygen, less oxygen will be bound to Hb --> lower hemo's affinity for oxygen  
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What causes a right shift?   -increase in partial pressure of CO2 -decrease in pH -increase in temp -2,3-DPG (CADET)  
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What does a left shift mean?   at the same pressure of oxygen, more oxygen will be bound to Hb  
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What causes a left shift?   carbon monoxide and fetal hemoglobin  
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Does oxygen or carbon monoxide have greater affinity for Hb?   Carbon monoxide! --> 200 times stronger  
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torpor   energy conservation by having decreased arousal  
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aestivate vs. hibernate   torpor during warm months vs. cold months  
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Haldane Effect   oxygen-saturated Hb has reduced affinity for CO2 -facilitates transfer of CO2 from blood to lungs, tissues to blood  
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When hemo is attached to O2, is it reduced or oxidized?   reduced  
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How does reduced hemo (hemo with O2) act as a blood buffer?   accepts protons  
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Bohr Effect   increasing conc. of protons and CO2 will reduce hemo's affinity for O2  
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How does bicarbonate in RBC turn back into CO2 in lungs?   In lungs, binding of O2 to Hb causes release of protons which combine with HCO3  
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How does Hb know to get rid of oxygen?   -CO2 formation (aerobic) -lactic acid formation (anaerobic) --> greater effect  
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Under acidic conditions, how does Hb release O2?   protons bind to Hb and causes release of O2  
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How does oxygen curve look for myoglobin?   linear --> no cooperativity and one subunit  
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What does fetal curve look like?   shifted left and up -at same pressure of O2, more O2 will be bound to Hb  
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What brain structure is involved in respiration?   medullar  
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What receptors monitor breathing rate?   chemoreceptors for oxygen and CO2  
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What happens to breathing rate when acidosis?   body increases breathing rate to expel CO2 and raise pH  
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Carbonic Acid / Bicarbonate Buffer Eqn   CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-  
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Why is bicarbonate impt for maintaining homeostasis?   -excess protons can combine with bicarbonate and turn into CO2 to be expelled (maintains pH) -forms acid in stomach -neutralizes pH of chyme leaving stomach and entering small intestine  
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What is the predominate form CO2 is carried through the body as?   bicarbonate  
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Where is carbonic anhydrase located?   inside RBC  
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When bicarbonate from plasma enters RBC, what leaves?   chloride  
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Does pH decrease / increase when bicarbonate leaves?   decreases  
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Haldane effect: High O2 vs. low O2   -high O2: enhanced unloading of CO2 -low O2: promote loading of CO2 onto hemo  
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Haldane Effect vs. Bohr Effect   -haldane: describes how O2 determines hemo's affinity for CO2 -Bohr: describes how CO2/H affect hemo for O2  
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In lungs, high oxygen levels, does hemo affinity for CO2 decrease / increase?   decrease  
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Where does phosphoric acid come from?   nucleic acid and phosphopx breakdown  
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Can px act as buffers?   YES --> can absorb excess H+ (esp. amino and carboxyl groups)  
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Phosphate Buffer Eqn   H3PO4 -> H+ + H2PO4 -> H+ + HPO4 -> H+ + PO4 (H2PO4 / HPO4 is the main buffering region)  
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Why is fetal circulation complicated?   non-functional lungs and liver  
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