MEDICAL ASSISTANT NHA EXAM
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| What is an Infectious Disease? | Those caused by pathogenic microorganisms-bacteria, viruses,parasites,and fungi-which can be spread from one person to another.
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| Pathogens | The microorganism that can cause diseases.
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| Resistance | The ability to defend against infection.
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| Reasons Prevention Is Important | 1)Easier and cheaper to prevent than treat 2)Contagious patients are present in the medical office 3)Increasing resistance 4)Lack of treatment for viruses 5)Epidemic of blood-borne diseases 6)Encroachment on formerly inaccessible habitant 7)Global travel
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| Virulent | Able to cause serious illness
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| Epidemic | Disease that attacks many people at one time
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| 5 types of microorganisms that cause human disease | Bacteria,specialized bacteria,viruses,fungi,and single-cell parasite
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| 3 types of Bacteria(Bacterium,Single) | Bacillus, Spirochetes, Spore
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| Rod shaped and cause tuberculosis, tetanus, and otitis media. | Bacillus
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| Long, spiral, flexible bacteria. They cause syphilis and Lyme disease. | Spirochetes
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| A dormant form that has formed a thick capsule around itself that is highly resistant to heat or chemicals. | Spore
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| Smaller them most bacteria and cannot survive or reproduce outside of the human host. They include rickettsia and chlamydia. | Specialized Bacteria
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| Smallest of infectious agents; they contain only DNA or RNA, but not both. | VIruses
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| Vary in size from miscroscope to visible with naked eye. 10X as large as bacteria. Includes yeasts and molds. | Fungi
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| Single-celled organisms that reproduce by budding. They cause candidiasis, vaginal infection, and infections in the mouth called thrush. | Yeast
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| They grow by extending tentacle-like projections. Visible to the naked eye. Include ringworm, nail fungus, and athlete's foot. | Mold
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| Larger organisms that live in or on another organism. They vary from single-celled organisms to worms and insects. | Parasites
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| Protozoa | Single-celled parasites that include species that cause diarrhea, trichomonas, vaginal infections, urinary tract and malaria.
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| Metazoa | Multicellular parasites that often have complicated life cycles, which may include multiple hosts.
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| 6 conditions that are necessary for microorganisms to grow and thrive: | 1)A moist environment: the body is very moist 2)Nutrients 3)Temperature of around 98.6F(Normal Temp.) 4)Darkness 5)Neutral to slightly alkaline pH 6)Either an oygen source or an absence of oxygen
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| pH | is a measure of the amount of acid in anything: a slightly alkaline pH is one with minimal acidity.
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| aerobic | organism that requires oxygen
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| anaerobic | organism that does not require oxygen
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| colonization | taking over space and growing
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| 3 normal physical factors that help the body fight off harmful microorganisms | Intact Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Secretions
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| Mechanical responses the body makes to remove harmful irritants and pathogens | Physiologic Responses
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| Inflammation | the reaction of any tissue to injury
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| Four classic characteristics of inflammation: | Redness, Swelling, Pain, and Heat.
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| Immune System | Recognizes, attacks, and destroys pathogens
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| antigens | a protein that is perceived to be foreign
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| antibodies | specific protein that attach to the antigens, immobilize them, and target them for destruction.
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| Antibodies are also called... | Immunoglobulins or gamma globulins
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| Make up about 15 percent of proteins in a person's blood: | antibodies
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| Two types of responses the body has to antigens: | cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response
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| Two types of immunity an individual can have: | Genetic Immunity or Acquired Immunity
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| Immunity is based on a person's gentic resistance to many diseases. | Genetic Immunity
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| Immunity results from the presence of antibodies. | Acquired Immunity
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| 4 types of Acquired Immunity | Active Immunity, Passive Immunity, Natural Immunity, and Artificial Immunity
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| If the person developed his or her own antibodies: | Active Immunity
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| If antibodies are introduced from the outside: | Passive Immunity
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| If the antibodies have been formed as a response to contacting a disease: | Natural Immunity
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| If the immunity is developed as an outcome of immunization: | Artificial Immunity
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| Infection Cycle | Reservoir or reservoir host-Portal of exit-Means of transmission-Portal of Entry-Susceptible host
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| Means sterile | Asepsis
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| Sterile | Free of microorganisms
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| Medical Asepsis | Also called clean technique also aimed at removing pathogens and reducing transfer of microorganisms by cleaning any body part or surface that has been exposed to them.
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| Also called sterile technique and the destruction of all microorganisms | Surgical Asepsis
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| Sterile Technique | The destruction of all microorganisms
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| The single most important means of preventing spread of an infection | is frequent and effectiive handwashing by all medical office personnel.
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| 5 other ways to maintain asepsis | General Cleaning, Use of PPE, Proper Disposal of Hazardous Waste, Clean and Disinfect Contaminated Areas, and Clean and Sterilize Equipment
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| Should be used whenever there is a chance of coming into contact with body fluids. | PPE(Personal Protective Equipment)
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| What temperature should water boil to when disinfecting? | 212oF
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| How long do you have to boil bacteria to make sure everything is disinfected? | 15 mins at a rolling boil, however bacterial spores and some viruses can survive.
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| Refers to the killing of all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and bacterial spores. | Sterilization
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| 4 means to provide sterilization: | Chemical, Gas, Dry Heat, and Steam
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| The most common method of sterilization in the medical office: | Using an Autoclave
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| How long do you place unwrapped items in the autoclave? | 15 mins
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| How long do you place wrapped instrument packages? | 30 mins
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| How long do you place large double-wrapped packs in the autoclave? | 45 mins or longer
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| The average adult has how much blood in his or her body? | 10-12 pints(about 6 liters)
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| What system does blood transport through? | Circulatory System
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