Roman Empire
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| Etruscans | Shared the Italian peninsula with the Romans and Greeks; people who inhabited early Italy
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| Republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people
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| Patrician | member of the landholding upper class
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| Consul | official from the patrician class who supervised the government and commanded the armies
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| Dictator | a leader appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency
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| Plebeian | member of the lower class, including farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders
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| Tribunes | official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests
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| Veto | block a government action
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| Legion | basic unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 soldiers
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| Punic Wars | three wars; first war: Rome defeated Carthage in Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
second war in 218 B.C.: Carthaginian general Hannibal led
third war: Rome defeated Carthage
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| Imperialism | establishing control over foreign lands and people
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| Latifundia | wealthy families bought up huge farming estates
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| Tiberius Gracchus | elected tribune in 133 B.C., called the state to distribute land to poor farmers (reforms)
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| Gaius Gracchus | elected tribune 143 B.C., sought a wider range of reforms: the use of pubic funds to buy grain to feed the poor
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| Julius Caesar | an ambitious military commander, became emperor and was killed by the senate
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| Augustus | means Exalted Ones; real name Octavian; grandnephew of Julius Caesar and declared him princeps, or first citizen
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| Census | population count
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| Hadrian | a good emperor who codified roman law, making it the same for all provinces; had wall build across Britain to hold back attacks
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| Marcus Aurelius | good emperor, philosopher
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| Pax Romana (Roman Peace) | a 200 year span of peace between Augustus and the end with Marcus Aurelius
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| Greco-Roman | the blend of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman
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| Virgil | wrote epic poem the Aeneid
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| Satirize | to make fun of Roman society
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| Mosaics | a picture made from chips of colored stone or glass
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| Engineering | which is the application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines.
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| Aqueducts | a bridge like stone structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities
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| Ptolemy | an astronomer-mathematician
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| Roman law | an accused person was presumed innocent until proven guilty; allow to face the accuser and offer a defense against the charge; guilt had to be establish "clearer than Daylight" using solid evidence
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| Messiah | savior sent by God
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| Apostle | leader or teacher of a new faith or movement; in Greek it means "a person sent forth."
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| Paul | a Jew from Asia Minor, played the most influential role in spreading Christianity
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| Martyr | person who suffers of dies for his or her beliefs
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| Constantine | emperor; issued the Edict of Milan
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| Edict of Milan | it granted freedom of worship to all citizens of the Roman Empire
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| Emperor Theodosius | made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire and repressed the practice of other faiths
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| Clergy | the body of people who conduct Christian services
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| Bishop | high-ranking Church official with authority over local area, or diocese
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| Patriarch | highest church official in a major city
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| Pope | head of the Roman Catholic Church; in ancient Rome, bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishops
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| Heresy | religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church
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| Augustine | greatest of the early Church scholars; bishop of Hippo in North Africa; combined Christian doctrine with Greco-Roman learning
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| Emperor Diocletian | divided the Roman Empire into two parts; he controlled the wealthier eastern part and the west was controlled by Maximian
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| Inflation | economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available
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| Constantinople | the capital of the eastern Roman Empire
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| Huns | a nomadic people of central Asia
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| Mercenary | soldier serving in a foreign army for pay
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