Chapter 20- Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology
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| show | respiratory defense system
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| What kind of epithelium lines the nasal cavity, the superior portion of the pharynx, the trachea, bronchi, and large bronchioles? | show 🗑
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| The beating of cilia sweeps mucus and any trapped debris or microorganisms toward where? | show 🗑
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| show | mucus escalator
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| the lamina propria is the underlying layer of which type of tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium? | show 🗑
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| What type of cells divide to replace damaged or aged cells in the respiratory epithelium? | show 🗑
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| show | Cystic fibrosis
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| Why is cystic fibrosis the most common lethal inherited disease? | show 🗑
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| What type of epithelium lines the inferior portions of the pharynx? | show 🗑
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| show | cuboidal
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| show | simple squamous epithelium
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| show | the respiratory tract
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| what begins at the entrance to the nasal cavity and extends to fine passageways? | show 🗑
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| what includes the most delicate bronchioles and the alveoli where gas exchange occurs between air and blood? | show 🗑
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| what filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air? | show 🗑
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| show | lower respiratory tract
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| What part of the nose is supported by the anterior portion of the nasal septum? | show 🗑
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| What is the bridge of the nose formed of? | show 🗑
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| show | nasal cartilages
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| Air normally enters through paired _____ which open into the nasal cavity. | show 🗑
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| to pass from the external nares to the internal nares, air flows between adjacent _____, through the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses. | show 🗑
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| What does meatus mean? | show 🗑
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| What is formed by the fusion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer? | show 🗑
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| What divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions? | show 🗑
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| What bones form the lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity contain paranasal sinuses? | show 🗑
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| Where are mucous secretions produced to keep the surfaces of the nasal cavity moist and clean? | show 🗑
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| what is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems? | show 🗑
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| What is the superior portion of the pharynx that is located between the soft palate and the internal nares? | show 🗑
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| show | oropharynx
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| show | pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous
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| show | laryngopharynx
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| show | stratified squamous
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| What conducts air toward the lungs? | show 🗑
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| show | windpipe
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| show | internal nares
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| What is the space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose? | show 🗑
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| show | hard palate
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| What extends posterior to the hard palate? | show 🗑
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| show | glottis
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| What is a cartilagenous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis? | show 🗑
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| show | larynx
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| show | lamina propria
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| what consists of three large unpaired cartilages and three small paired cartilages? | show 🗑
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| show | epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
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| show | epiglottis
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| What forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx? | show 🗑
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| What is the prominent anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage called? | show 🗑
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| What has a greatly expanded posterior portion that provides support to the trachea? | show 🗑
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| show | vestibualar and vocal
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| What are long, curved, and lite within folds of tissue that extend between the lateral surface of each arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis? | show 🗑
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| show | corniculate cartilage
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| What cartilages function in the opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound? | show 🗑
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| show | arytenoid cartilage
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| The opening or closing of the glottis involves what kind of movement of the arytenoid cartilages? | show 🗑
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| The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movements of what? | show 🗑
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| When the glottis is open, air passing through it vibrates what? | show 🗑
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| show | vocal folds
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| show | diameter, length, and tension in the vocal folds
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| The vocal folds lie inferior to what? | show 🗑
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| Vocal folds are also known as what? | show 🗑
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| Vestibular ligaments lie within what? | show 🗑
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| What helps prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis and contacting the more delicate vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| show | phonation
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| The modification of sound by structures such as the tongue, teeth, and lips is called what? | show 🗑
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| show | trachea
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| show | right and left primary bronchi
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| show | elastic ligament and trachealis muscle
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| What kind of stimulation relaxes the trachea muscle? | show 🗑
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| The trachea contains how many tracheal cartilages? | show 🗑
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| show | tracheal cartilages
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| Which primary bronchus is larger? | show 🗑
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| Why can the posterior tracheal wall easily distort when large masses of food pass along the esophagus? | show 🗑
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| show | trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, pulmonary lobule, alveolus
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| What is a meshwork of dense connective tissue that fixes the positions of the bronchi, major nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics? | show 🗑
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| The walls of what lack cartilages but contain relatively thick layers of ____. | show 🗑
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| Smooth muscle tone has a significant effect on ______ and the resistance to ______. | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic activation leads to what? | show 🗑
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| show | parasympathetic
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| show | asthma
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| Each tertiary bronchus ultimately supplies air to a single what? | show 🗑
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| show | bronchopulmonary segment
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| show | bronchial tree
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| What is a groove that allows passage of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics? | show 🗑
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| show | alveoli
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| show | pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein
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| show | recoil
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| show | simple squamous
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| show | dilate; constrict
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| show | Type II pneumocytes
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| show | Type II pneumocytes
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| show | surfactant
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| What kind of squamous epithelial cells are unusually thin and delicate? | show 🗑
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| show | Type I pneumocytes
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| What roams and patrols the epithelial surface of Type I pneumocytes? | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory membrane
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| what includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment? | show 🗑
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| show | gas diffusion
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| show | internal respiration.
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| what involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs? | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary ventilation
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| show | to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
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| what is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli? | show 🗑
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| alveolar ventilation prevents the buildup of what in the alveoli? | show 🗑
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| which law states that pressure is inversely proportional to volume? | show 🗑
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| show | inferiorly
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| show | they are identical
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| an injury allowing air into the pleural cavity breaks the bond between the parietal and visceral pleura causing the lung to collapse. What is the term used to describe this? | show 🗑
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| show | intrapulmonary pressure
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| show | intrapulmonary pressure
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| in which direction does positive intrapulmonary pressures take air? | show 🗑
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| show | into the lungs
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| what is the amount of air moved into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation? | show 🗑
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| show | 760 mm Hg
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| What is the measure of normal atmospheric pressure at sea level in psi? | show 🗑
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| What are the primary muscles involved in inhalation? | show 🗑
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| show | accessory muscles
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| contraction of which muscles elevates the ribs? | show 🗑
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| show | primary inspiratory muscles
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| show | diaphragm
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| What is responsible for roughly 75% of the air movement in normal breathing at rest? | show 🗑
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| show | internal intercostals and transversus thoracis muscles
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| What is the amount of air that you can breathe in over and above the tidal volume? | show 🗑
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| show | tidal volume
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| what is the amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | minimal volume
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| show | 30-120 mL
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| show | total lung capacity
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| show | residual volume
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| what is the term used to describe the amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle? | show 🗑
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| what is the term used to describe the maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | inspiratory capacity
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| show | 6000; 4200
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| show | expiratory reserve and residual volume
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| The total lung capacity is calculated by adding what? | show 🗑
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| The vital capacity is calculated by adding what? | show 🗑
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| The inspiratory capacity is calculated by adding what? | show 🗑
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| the respiratory system adjusts what over a broad range to meet the oxygen demands of the body? | show 🗑
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| when you are exercising at peak levels, the amount of air moving into and out of the respiratory tract can be ___ times the amount moved at rest. | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory rate
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| the normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from __ to __ each minute. | show 🗑
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| What is the ratio of normal adults breaths per heartbeat? | show 🗑
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| children breathe at a rate of about __ to __ breaths per minute. | show 🗑
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| show | respiratory minute volume
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| show | respiratory rate times tidal volume
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| show | alveolar ventilation
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| show | some of the air never reaches the alveoli, but remains in the conducting portion of the lungs
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| what is the anatomic dead space? | show 🗑
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| show | inhaled air always mixed with used air in the conducting passageways on its way to the exchange surfaces
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| the air in the alveoli contains less _____ and more _____ than does atmospheric air. | show 🗑
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| whenever the demand for oxygen increases, ____ and _____ must be increased. | show 🗑
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| what is the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases? | show 🗑
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| show | dalton's law
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| at a given temperature, the amount of a particular gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas is known as what? | show 🗑
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| show | by an oxygen molecule absorbed at the alveoli, and the absorbed oxygen molecule will be replaced in the next respiratory cycle
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| if tissue oxygen demand accelerates, what must happen? | show 🗑
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| show | iron ions in the center of heme units
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| show | four globular protein subunits
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| show | oxyhemoglobin
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| show | hemoglobin saturation
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| show | oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve
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| show | the shape of hemoglobin molecules changes as the number of bound oxygen molecules increases and these changes affect its affinity for oxygen
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| what is the effect that describes how blood pH affects the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation? | show 🗑
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| hemoglobin releases ____ oxygen if the pH increases. | show 🗑
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| show | more
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| The ____ the temperature, the more readily hemoglobin gives up its oxygen reserves. | show 🗑
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| RBCs do not contain ____. | show 🗑
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| show | glycolysis
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| The metabolic pathways involved in glycolysis generate the compound ______. | show 🗑
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| show | more
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| show | decreases
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| When BPG levels get too low, what happens? | show 🗑
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| show | aerobic metabolism in peripheral tissues
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| show | 1. converted to carbonic acid. 2. bound to the protein in Hb. 3. dissolves in plasma
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| show | The CO2 is reversibly bound to amino groups, resulting in carbaminohemoglobin.
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| The 70% of CO2 is converted to carbonic acid through what? | show 🗑
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| Carbonic acid molecules dissociate into what? | show 🗑
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| most of the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin molecules, forming what? | show 🗑
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| When the bicarbonate ions are ready to leave the RBC, what happens? | show 🗑
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| What is the exchange of bicarb and chloride ions from the RBC called? | show 🗑
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| What happens to every oxygen molecule entering peripheral tissue? | show 🗑
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| The equilibrium between oxygen absorption and oxygen use is disturbed when what happens? | show 🗑
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| If the respiratory rate and tidal volume do not increase, the alveolar PO2 will _____. | show 🗑
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| show | compliance
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| show | respiratory distress syndrome
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| what does respiratory distress syndrome lead to ? | show 🗑
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| what is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs? | show 🗑
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| what is a general term indicating a progressive disorder of the airways that restricts airflow and reduces alveolar ventilation? | show 🗑
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| show | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| what is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritation? | show 🗑
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| show | smooth muscles along the bronchial tree.
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| show | chronic bronchitis
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| show | blue bloaters
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| show | low blood oxygen levels
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| what is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion? | show 🗑
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| show | destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
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| what is the term used to describe the pink discoloration for patients with emphysema? | show 🗑
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| The most basic level of respiratory control involves what specifically? | show 🗑
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| what sets the pace of respiration by adjusting the activities of pacemaker cells and coordinating the activities of additional respiratory muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | dorsal respiratory group and ventral respiratory group
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| show | inspiratory center of the DRG
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| show | inspiratory center of the DRG
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| show | VRG- Ventral respiratory group
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| show | apneustic and pneumotaxic
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| show | pneumotaxic center
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| show | inhalation by stimulating the DRG.
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| During forced breathing, the apneustic centers adjust the degree of stimulation in response to sensory information from what? | show 🗑
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| What centers can alter the activity of the pneumotaxic centers? | show 🗑
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| show | superior to the pons.
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| show | respiratory reflexes
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| what is perfusion coupling? | show 🗑
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| what is valsalsa? | show 🗑
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| show | quiet breathing
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| opera singers breathe using which level? | show 🗑
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| shallow breathing, denotes disease, impedence, arthritis- | show 🗑
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| show | usually seen in smokers. breathe, pause, breathe.
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| what reflex limits thoracic inflation/over expansion prevention? | show 🗑
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| show | partial pressure of CO2
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| how much of a rise in partial pressure of CO2 causes the respiratory rate to double, even if the partial pressure of O2 remains completely normal? | show 🗑
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| show | little
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| show | 60 mm Hg
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| show | hypercapnia
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| show | hypoventilation
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| show | when respiratory activity is insufficient to meet the demands for tissue oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
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| show | hyperventilation
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| hyperventilation gradually leads to what? | show 🗑
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| What must occur to cause shallow water blackout? | show 🗑
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| baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic sinuses are monitored by sensory nerves within what? | show 🗑
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| what are monitored by sensory nerves in the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves? | show 🗑
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| show | it increases due to stimulation of the respiratory centers
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| show | Arterial blood pressure rising above normal levels, inhibiting the respiratory centers
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| show | stretch receptors in the lungs during forced breathing.
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| the sensory information of inflation and deflation is distributed to where? | show 🗑
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| show | inflation reflex
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| show | deflation reflex
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| stretch receptors that stimulate lung expansion are located where? | show 🗑
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| show | in the alveolar walls
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| show | protective reflexes
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| what is triggered by an irritation of the nasal cavity wall? | show 🗑
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| what is triggered by an irritation of the larynx, trachea, or bronchi? | show 🗑
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| show | apnea
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| air leaving the larynx can travel at what speed? | show 🗑
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| as elastic tissue deteriorates throughout the body, what happens? | show 🗑
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| as arthritic changes stiffen rib articulations, what happens? | show 🗑
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| what form of COPD is normal in individuals over age 50? | show 🗑
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| what accounts for 12.6% of new cancer cases in both men and women? | show 🗑
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| show | cigarette smoke
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| the normal respiratory epithelium consists of what kind of epithelium with an abundance of mucus cells that helps clean inhaled air? | show 🗑
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| define dysplasia | show 🗑
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| what happens in dysplasia? | show 🗑
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| what happens in metaplasia? | show 🗑
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| show | neoplasia; neoplasm
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| in ____, the most dangerous stage of neoplasia, the cells become malignant and spread, or metastasize, to other parts of the body. | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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