Tissues, Skin, Skeleton
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| Which tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts? | Epithelial tissue
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| Which tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and helps provide immunity? | Connective tissue
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| Which tissue generates the physical force needed to make body structures move? | Muscle tissue
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| Which tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds to help maintain homeostasis? | Nervous tissue
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| Most epithelial cells and some muscle and nerve cells are tightly joined into functional units by points of conact between their plasma membranes called what? | Cell junctions
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| What forms tight seals between cells to prevent substances from passing between the cells? | Cell junctions
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| What can anchor cells to one another so that they do not separate while performing their functions? | Cell junctions
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| Why are cell junctions important? | It is important for tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder because it prevents the content of these organs from leaking out.
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| What can provide channels for ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue, allowing communication between cells and enabling nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells? | Cell junctions
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| Which tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets in single or multiple layers? | Epithelial tissue
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| Which tissue is an excellent protective barrier for body surfaces? | Epithelial tissue
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| In epithelial tissue, the cells are closely packed with little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes are held tightly together by what? | Cell junctions
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| What part of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, body cavities, interior space of organs, or tubular ducts that receive cell secretions? | Apical (free) Surface
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| What surface of an epithelial cell faces the adjacent cells on either side and may contain cell junctions? | Lateral surfaces
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| Which surface of an epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface and adheres to extracellular materials? | Basal surfaces
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| Which is the most superficial layer of epithelial cells? | Apical
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| What is the deepest layer of epithelial cells? | Basal
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| What is a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers? | Basement membrane
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| What is closer to the epithelial cells and is secreted by them and contains proteins such as collagen and laminin, as well as glyco proteins? | Basal Lamina (thin layer)
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| What is deep to the basal lamina and contains fibrous proteins produced by underlying connective tissue cells called fibroblasts? | Reticular Lamina
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| What forms a surface along which epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing, restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue, and participate in filtration of blood in the kidneys? | Basement membranes
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| What tissue has its own nerve supply but is avascular because it lacks its own blood supply? | Epithelial tissue
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| How does the exchange of substances between epithelium and connective tissue occur? | Diffusion
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| What kind of tissue has a high rate of cell division and is constantly renewing and replacing them? | Epithelial tissue
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| Protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, and excretion are the important roles of which tissue? | Epithelial
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| What kind of tissue forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs? | Covering and lining epithelium
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| Which tissue constitutes the secreting portion of gland? | Glandular epithelium
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| What tissue is classified by the arrangement of cells into layers and the shapes of cells? | Covering and lining epithelial tissue
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| What kind of tissue is a single layer of cells that functions in diffusion, filtration, secretion, and absorption? | Simple epithelium
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| Which cells are arranged like floor tires and are thin, allowing the rapid movement of substances through them? | Squamous cells
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| Which cells are tall and wide and are shaped like hexagons sometimes have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption? | Cuboidal cells
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| Which cells are taller than they are wide and protect underlying tissues? | Columnar cells
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| Which cells change shape from flat to cuboidal as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch to a larger size and then collapse to a smaller size? | Transitional cells
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| Which epithelial tissue is found at sites where filtration and diffusion takes place, but not found in body areas that are subject to wear and tear? | Simple squamous epithelium
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| What is a simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels? | Endothelium
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| What is the type of simple squamous epithelium that forms the epithelial layer of membranes (peritoneum)? | Mesothelium
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| What kind of epithelium is found in organs such as the thyroid gland and kidneys and performs the functions or secretion and absorption? | Simple cuboidal epithelium
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| Which kind of epithelium contains two type of cells: columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at their apical surface, and goblet cells? | Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
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| What increases the rate of absorption by the cell? | Microvilli
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| What are modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surface? | Goblet cells
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| Why is secreted mucus important? | It lubricates and offers protective covering for the lining of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract.
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| What kind of epithelium contains columnar epithelial cells with cilia at their apical surface? | Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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| What helps move oocytes expelled from the ovaries through the uterine tubes into the uterus and move cerebrospinal fluid through passageways in the central nervous system? | Cilia
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| What kind of epithelium is durable and can protect underlying tissues? | Stratified epithelium
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| What tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tisses in the body? | Connective tissue
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| Which tissue binds, supports, and strengthens other body tissues? | Connective tissue
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| Which tissue protects and insulates internal organs, and compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles? | Connective tissue
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| Which tissue is the major transport system within the body? | Connective tissue
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| Which tissue is the major site of stored energy reserves? | Connective tissue
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| What cells retain the capacity for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix that is characteristic of the tissue? | Blast cells
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| In cartilage and bone, once the extracellular matrix is produced the blast cells diffenciate into mature cells with the names ending in what? | -cyte
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| What have reduced capacity for cell division and extracellular matrix formation and are mostly involved in maintaining the matrix? | Mature cells ( or -cyte)
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| What are large, flat cells with branching processes present in several connective tissues? | Fibroblasts
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| What migrates through the connective tissue, secreting the fibers and ground substances to the extracellular matrix? | Fibroblasts
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| What engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis? | Macrophages
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| What cells secrete antibodies? | Plasma cells
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| What cells produce histamine? | Mast cells
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| What are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides? | Adipocytes
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| What cells are not found in significant numbers in normal connective tissue, but in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues to mediate immune system responses? | White blood cells
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| What is the component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers? | Ground substance
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| What supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provide a medium through which substances are exchanged between the blood and cells? | Ground substance
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| What plays an active role in how tissues develop, migrate, proliferate, and change shape and in how they carry our their metabolic functions, and contains water and glycosaminoglycans (GAG)? | Ground substance
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| What is a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs? | Hyaluronic acid
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| What fibers are very strong and resist pulling forces and allow tissue flexibility? | Collagen fibers
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| What fibers occur in bundles lying parallel to each other, providing strength? | Collagen fibers
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| What fibers are bound in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments? | Collagen fibers
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| What fibers branch and join together to form a network within a tissue? | Elastic fibers
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| What fibers have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, and are plentiful in skin, blood vessel walls, and lung tissue? | Elastic fibers
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| What fibers consist of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, providing support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues? | Reticular fibers
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| What are thinner than collagen fibers and found in stroma, and help form the basement membrane? | Reticular fibers
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| What kind of tissue is present primarily in the embryo and fetus? | Embryonic connective tissue
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| What kind of connective tissue is present after birth? | Mature connective tissue
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| In what kind of connective tissue are fibers loosely intertwined and many cells are present? | Loose connective tissue
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| What is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body, contains several kinds of cells, including fibroblasts, microphages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, and a few white blood cells? | Areolar connective tissue
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| Strength, elasticity, and support are the functions of which connective tissue? | Areolar connective tissue
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| Which type of tissue consists of cells specialized to store triglycerides as a large centrally located droplet? | Adipose tissue
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| What kind of tissue reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, and supports and protects? | Adipose tissue
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| What kind of tissue is located around the heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind the eye socket? | Adipose tissue
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| What kind of tissue forms stroma (suuport network) of organs, filters, and removes wornout blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes? | Reticular connective tissue
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| What kind of tissue consists mainly of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles and fibroblasts present in rows between the fiber bundles? | Dense regular connective tissue
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| What kind of tissue forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses? | Dense regular connective tissue
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| Which kind of connective tissue consists predominantly of collagen fibers, randomly arranged, and a few fibroblasts? | Dense irregular connective tissue
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| What kind of connective tissue provides strength and is found in fasciae (tissue around muscles and other organs), dermis of skin, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs, pericardium and heart valves? | Dense irregular connective tissue
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| What kind of connective tissue consists predominantly of freely branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts present in spaces between the elastic fibers? | Elastic connective tissue
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| What kind of connective tissue allows the stretching of various organs and is found in lung tissues, trachea, bronchial tubes, wall of some artieries, and ligaments in penis and vertebrae? | Elastic connective tissue
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| What consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate? | Cartilage
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| What is a gel-like component of the ground substance? | Chondroitin sulfate
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| What can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissue due to its collagen fibers and no blood supply makes it heal slowly following an injury? | Cartilage
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| What are cells of mature cartilage found within spaces called lacunae? | Condrocytes
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| What kind of cartilage consists of a bluish-white shiny ground substance with fine, pale collagen fibers and many condrocytes? | Hyaline cartilage
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| What kind of cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, parts of nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic and fetal skeleton? | Hyaline cartilage
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| What kind of cartilage provides smooth muscle surfaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support? | Hyaline cartilage
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| What cartilage consists of chondrocytes located among a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix of this type of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage
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| What kind of cartilage combines strength and rigidity and is the strongest of the three types of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage
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| What kind of cartilage consists of chondrocytes located among a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix? | Elastic cartilage
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| What kind of cartilage is highly flexible, resilient, and maintains the shape of certain structures such as the ear? | Elastic cartilage
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| What kind of tissue consists of osteocytes in lacunae and an extracellular matrix arranged in concentric rings or thin columns? | Bone tissue
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| What kind of tissue supports, protects, stores, houses blood-forming tissue, and serves as levels that act together with muscle tissue to enable movement? | Bone tissue
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| What kind of tissue is either spongy or compact depending on how its extracellular matrix and cells are organized? | Bone tissue
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| In what kind of tissue are cells suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix? | Liquid connective tissue
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| What is a connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix? | Blood
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| What is a liquid extracellular matrix with blood? | Blood plasma
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| What is found within blood vessels and chambers of the heart? | Blood
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| What kind of cell transports respiratory gases? | Red blood cells
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| What kind of cells carry on phagocytosis and contribute to immune responses? | White blood cells
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| What kind of cells are essential for blood clotting? | Platelets
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| What is a connective tissue that flows in lymphatic vessels and consists of several types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix that is similar to blood plasma, but with much less protein? | Lymph
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| What kind of connective tissue circulates body fluids, transports lipids, and helps to defend the body against pathogens? | Lymph
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| What are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body? | Membranes
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| The combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer constitutes what? | Epithelial membrane
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| What kind of membrane lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior? | Mucous membrane
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| What kind of membrane lines the entire digestive, respiratory, reproductive tracts, and most of the urinary tract? | Mucous membrane
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| What serves as a lubricant and also an important barrier that microbes and other pathogens have difficulty penetrating? | Mucous membrane
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| What is the connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane? | Areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)
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| What supports the epithelium, binds it to the underlying structures, allows some flexibility of the membrane, holds blood vessels in place, and protects underlying muscles from abrasion or puncture? | Areolare connective tissue (lamina propria)
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| What kind of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs that lie within the cavity? | Serous membrane
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| What is the layer of serous membranes that attaches to the cavity wall? | Parietal layer
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| What is the layer of serous membranes that covers and attaches to the organs inside the cavity? | Visceral layer
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| What in a serous membrane secretes serous fluid, a watery lubricating fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities? | Mesothelium
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| What membrane covers the surface of the body and consists of a superficial portion called the epidermis and a deeper portion called the dermis? | Cutaneous membrane
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| What membrane lines the cavities of freely movable joints and also line cushioning sacs easing the movement of muscle tendons? | Synovial membranes
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| What tissue consists of elongated cells that can use ATP to generate force and produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat? | Muscle tissue
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| What kind of muscle tissue is striated, containing alternating light and dark bands called striations? | Skeletal muscle tissue
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| What tissue is very long, cylindrical in shape, and has many nuclei located at the periphery of the cell and has individual muscles that are parallel to each other? | Skeletal muscle tissue
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| What kind of muscle tissue is voluntary because it can be made to contract or relax by conscious control, and it is usually attached to bones by tendons? | Skeletal muscle tissue
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| What kind of muscle has branched, striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei? | Cardiac muscle tissue
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| What kind of muscle tissue is involuntary because its contractions are not consciously controlled and is located in the heart wall and pumps blood to all parts of the body? | Cardiac muscle tissue
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| What kind of tissue is spindle-shaped, contains single, centrally located nuclei, and is usually involuntary? | Smooth muscle tissue
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| What kind of tissue is found in the iris of the eyes and walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, interstines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus? | Smooth muscle tissue
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| What kind of muscle constricts blood vessels and airways, propels foods through the gastrointestinal tract, and contracts the urinary bladder and gallbladder? | Smooth muscle tissue
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| What are sensitive to various stimuli, convert stimuli into electrical impulses and consists of three basic parts: a cell body, dendrites, and axons? | Neurons
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| What contains the nucleus and other organelles in a neuron? | Cell body
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| What are tapering, highly branched and usually short cell processes that are the major receiving or input portion of a neuron? | Dendrites
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| What is a single, thin, cylyindrical process that may be very long. It is the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue? | Axon
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| What are generally smaller than neurons, do not generate or conduct impulses, but serve the important functions of supporting, nourishing, and protecting delicate neurons? | Neuroglia
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| What tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia? | Nervous tissue
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| What do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have important supporting functions, exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses, and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands? | Nervous tissue
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| What is the process that replaces worn-out, damaged, or dead cells? | Tissue repair
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| What kind of cells endure considerable wear and tear and have a continous capacity for renewal? | Epithelial cells
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| What has continuous renewal in bones, but cartilage repairs slowly due to lack of blood supply? | Connective tissue
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| What tissue has very limited repairing capacity? | Muscle tissue
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| What kind of tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal? | Nervous tissue
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| What is tissue growth through cell multiplication? | Hyperplasia
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| What is the enlargement of preexisting cell? | Hypertrophy
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| What is muscle growth through exercising an example of? | Hypertrophy
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| What is the growth of a tumor through growth of abnormal tissue? | Neoplasia
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| What is the changing from one type of mature tissue to another? | Metaplasia
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| What is the process where unspecialized cells become specialized? | Differentiation
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| What is the loss of cell size or number (lack of use)? | Atrophy
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| What is the pathological death of tissue? | Neocrosis
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| What is gangrene an example of? | Neocrosis
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| What is programmed cell death where cells disintegrate into membrane-bound particles that are phagocytized? | Apoptosis
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| What covers the external surface of the body? | Skin or Cutaneous membrane
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| What is the largest organ of the body in surface area and weight? | Skin or Cutaneous membrane
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| What is the largest organ in the body in surface area and weight? | Skin or Cutaneous membrane
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| What develop from epidermis during embryonic development? | Accessory organs
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| What helps regulate body temperature, serves as a water-repellent and protective barrier, contains sensory nerve endings, excretes salts, and helps with the synthesis of vitamin D? | Skin
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| What is the superficial, thinner portion of the skin composed of epithelial tissue? | Epidermis
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| What is the deeper, thicker, connective tissue portion of the skin? | Dermis
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| What is dep to the dermis, not part of the skin, which serves as a storage depot for fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin? | Hypodermis
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| What are contained in the hypodermis that contain nerve endings sensitive to pressure? | Lamellated corpuscles
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| What covers all parts of the body except for the palms, palmar surfaces, and soles? | Thin skin
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| What has a thin epidermis, fewer sweat glands than thick skin, and a sparse distribution of sensory receptors? | Thin skin
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| What covers the palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers and soles and has dense sensory receptors and numberous sudoriferous glands? | Thick skin
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| What are the most numerous epidermal cells, are arranged in four or five layers, and produce keratin? | Keratinocytes
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| What is a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals, and also releases a waterproofing sealant? | Keratin
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| What are found in the deepest layer of the epidermis and produces the pigment melanin? | Melanocytes
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| What is a brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light? | Melanin
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| What kind of cells constitute a small fraction of the epidermal cells and participate in immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin and are easily damaged by UV light? | Langerhans cells
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| What are the least numerous of the epidermis that function together in the sensation of touch? | Merkel cells
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| What is the deepest layer of the epidermis and is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes? | Stratum basale
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| What has 8-10 layers of keratinocytes fit closely together and appear shiny in histology slides? | Stratum spinosum
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| What consists of three to five layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis and has lamellar granules? | Stratum lucidum
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| What consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead, flat keratinocytes which are continuously shed? | Stratum corneum
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| What is composed mainly of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers? | Dermis
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| Where are blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles embedded? | Dermal tissue
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| What makes up one fifth of the dermis and consists of areolar connective tissue containing fine elastic fibers? | Papillary region
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| In the papillary region, what increases its surface area with small, fingerlike projections? | Dermal papillae
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| What is attached to the hypodermis and consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fibers? | Reticular region
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| What in the reticular region provides the skin with strength, extensibility, and elasticity? | Collagen and elastic fibers
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| What causes the skin's color to vary from pale yellow, to tan, to black? | Melanin
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| What are melanin-producing cells and are most plentiful in the epidermis of the penis, nipples, areolae, face, and limbs? | Melanocytes
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| What are in similar numbers person to person, so differences in skin color are due mainly to the amount of melanin produced? | Melanocytes
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| Within limit, what serves as a protective function but repeatedly exposing skin to UV light may cause skin cancer? | Melanin
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| What is a yellow-orange pigment, which is a precursor to vitamin A and is used to synthesize pigments needed for vision? | Carotene
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| What is the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells? | Hemoglobin
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| What are present on most skin surfaces except the palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers, soles, and plantar surfaces on the toes? | Hair
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| What offers limited protection by guarding the scalp from injury and the sun's rays? | Hair
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| What protects the eyes from foreign particles? | Eyebrows and eyelashes
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| What can function in sensing light touch? | Hair
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| What is composed of columns of dead, keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins? | Hair
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| What is the superficial portion of the hair? | Shaft
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| What is the portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the hypodermis? | Root
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| What is the outer layer of the hair that consists of a single layer of thin, flat cells that are the most heavily keratinized? | Cuticle
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| What surrounds the root of the hair and is made up of an external root sheath and an internal root sheath? | Hair follicle
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| The base of each hair follicle is enlarge into an onion-shaped structure called what? | Bulb
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| What of the hair is found in the bulb and contains many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicles? | Papilla
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| The bulb contains a germinal layer of cells is the site of hair cell division? | Matrix
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| What are responsible for the growth of existing hairs, and they produce new hair when old hairs are shed, and give rise to the cells of the internal root sheath? | Matrix cells
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| Smooth muscle in hairs is called what? | Arrector pili
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| What extends from the superficial dermis of the skin to the dermal root sheath around the hair follicle, and under stress contract and pull the hair shafts perpendicular to the skin surface? | Arrector pili
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| Hair color is due primarily to the amount and type of what in its cells? | Melanin
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| What glands are connected to hair follicles? | Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
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| The secreting portion of what lie in the dermis and open into the hair follicles or directly onto a skin surface? | Sebaceous glands
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| Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substances called what? | Sebum
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| What coats the surface of hairs and helps keep them from drying and becoming brittle? | Sebum
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| What prevens excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin pliable, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria? | Sebum
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| What glands release perspiration onto the skin surface through pores or into hair follicles? | Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
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| What sweat glands are distributed throughout most of the skin and are most numerous in the skin of the forehead, palms and soles, helping to regulate body temperature? | Eccrine sweat glands
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| What kind of sweat glands are found mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae of the breasts, and bearded regions of the face in adult males? | Apocrine sweat glands
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| What glands are stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement resulting in a cold sweat? | Apocrine sweat glands
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| What are modified sweat glands in the external ear that produce a waxy secretion? | Cerunimous glands
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| What provides a sticky barrier that impedes the entrance of foreign bodies, also known as earwax? | Cerumen
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| What are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of fingers and toes? | Nails
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| What help to grasp and manipulate small objects, provide protection against trauma to the ends of the fingers and toes, and allow us to scratch various parts of the body? | Nails
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| What is the portion of the nail that is visible? | Nail body
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| What is the part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the fingers and toes? | Free edge
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| What is the portion of the nail that is buried into a fold of skin? | Nail root
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| What is the whitish semilunar area near the nail root? | Lunula
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| What is a narrow band of epidermis that extends from the proximal border of the nail and consists of stratum corneum? | Cuticle
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| What is the epithelium deep to the nail root that divides mitotically to produce growth? | Nail matrix
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| What occurs by the transformation of superficial matrix cells into nail cells? | Nail growth
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| What occurs with injuries to the epidermis including minor burns and abrasions? | Epidermal wound healing
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| In response to an epidermal injury, what of the epidermis surrounds the wound and breaks contact with the basement membrane, enlarging and migrating across the wound? | Stratum basale cells (basal cells)
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| When basal cells encounter one another, they stop migrating due to a cellular response called what? | Contact inhibition
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| As basal cells migrate, what hormone stimulates basal stem cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved to the wound? | Epidermal growth factor
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|
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| What kind of healing applies to injuries that extend to the dermis and hypodermis? | Deep wound healing
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| During what phase of deep wound healing does bleeding produce a blood clot in the wound, loosely uniting the wound edges? | Inflammatory phase
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| What is a process that prepares the wound for repair by helping to eliminate microbes, foreign material, and dying tissue? | Inflammation
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||||
| What increases the permeability and diameter of local blood vessels, enhancing delivery of helpful cells, including white blood cells? | Inflammation
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|
||||
| In what phase of deep wound healing do clots dry into a scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound, then fibroblasts synthesize collagen and glycoproteins in the dermis? | Migratory phase
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|
||||
| Fibrous tissue filling the wound in the migratory phase is called what? | Granulation tissue
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|
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| What phase of deep wound healing is characterized by the extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and growth of blood vessels? | The proliferative phase
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|
||||
| During what phase of deep wound healing to scabs fall off and granulation tissue develops into scar tissue as collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts decrease in number? | Maturation phase
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|
||||
| What is the process of scar tissue formation? | Fibrosis
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|
||||
| What kind of scar remains within the boundary of the original wound? | Hypertrophic scar
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|
||||
| What type of scar extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound? | Keloid scar
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|
||||
| What regulates body temperature by liberating sweat and adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis? | Skin
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|
||||
| The skins serves as what since the dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8 to 10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult? | Blood reservoir
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|
||||
| What in the skin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, and chemicals? | Keratin
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|
||||
| What do lamellar granules release in the skin to inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface, protecting the body from dehydration? | Lipids
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|
||||
| What in perspiration retards the growth of some microbes? | Acidic pH
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|
||||
| What protects the skin from UV light? | Melanin
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|
||||
| What protects skin and hairs from drying out and contains bactericidal chemicals that kill surface bacteria? | Sebum
🗑
|
||||
| What cells alert the immune system to the presence of potentially harmful microbial invaders? | Epidermal Langerhans
🗑
|
||||
| What in the dermis phagocytize bacteria and viruses that manage to penetrate the skin surface? | Macrophages
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|
||||
| What sensations are those that arise in the skin, including touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, heating, cooling, and pain? | Cutaneous
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|
||||
| What allow you to sense fine touch, pressure, and slow vibrations? | Mesissner corpuscles
🗑
|
||||
| What are free nerve endings in the epidermis that allow the sense of touch and pressure? | Merkel discs
🗑
|
||||
| What are found in the dermis, ligaments, and tendons and allow the sense of stretching of skin? | Ruffini corpuscles
🗑
|
||||
| What are found in the dermis, hypodermis, joints, and some viscera and allow the sensing of pressure, fast vibrations, and tickling? | Pacinian corpuscles
🗑
|
||||
| What allow the sensing of pain? | Nociceptors
🗑
|
||||
| What allow the sensing of coldness or warmth? | Thermoreceptors
🗑
|
||||
| What is the vehicle for excretion of water and small amounts of salts, CO2, ammonia, and urea? | Sweat
🗑
|
||||
| How much ml/day of water evaporates from the skin? | 400
🗑
|
||||
| How many ml/day of insensible sweat is lost from a sedentary person? | 200
🗑
|
||||
| What absorbs some fat-soluble vitamins, certain drugs, toxins, oxygen, and CO2? | Skin
🗑
|
||||
| What is a precursor synthesized in response to UV exposure? | Vitamin D
🗑
|
||||
| What is a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium in foods from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood? | Calcitriol
🗑
|
||||
| What type of burn occurs in the epidermis and is painful? | First degree burn
🗑
|
||||
| What kind of burn extends to the dermis with varying pain? | Second degree burn
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|
||||
| What type of burn damage extends to the hypodermis with little pain? | Third degree burn
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|
||||
| What type of burn damage extends into fasica, tendons, or bones? | Fourth degree burn
🗑
|
||||
| How many burn injuries occur annually and how many require hospitalization? | 1 million injuries, 45,000 hospitalizations
🗑
|
||||
| What kind of carcinoma arises from stratum basale and invades dermis? | Basal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| What is the least dangerous but most prominent form of skin cancer and grows slowly? | Basal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| What carcinoma arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum and can be treated if caught early? | Squamous cell carincoma
🗑
|
||||
| What arises from melanocytes of a preexisting mole and is the most lethal form of skin cancer? | Malignant melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| What is a framework of bone and their cartilages? | Skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| What functions as a support since it provides the structural framework for the body and provides attachment points for tendons and most skeletal muscles? | Skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| What assists in movement because it provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles? | Skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| What assists with mineral homeostasis because they can score calcium and phosphorous and can release minerals on demand? | Skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| What system aids in blood cell production? | Skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| What is a process where connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets? | Hemopoiesis
🗑
|
||||
| What is present in developing bones of fetus and some adult bones such as ribs, pelvis, sternum, skull, and thigh bones? | Red bone marrow
🗑
|
||||
| What system aids in triglyceride storage? | Skeletal system
🗑
|
||||
| What consists mainly of adipocytes and few blood cells, with triglycerides that are a potential chemical energy reserve? | Yellow bone marrow
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|
||||
| What bones have greater length than width and consists of a shaft and two extremities? | Long bones
🗑
|
||||
| What bones are slightly curved for strength and absorption of stress from body weight? | Long bones
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|
||||
| What bones include the thigh, leg, arm, forearm, and fingers and toes? | Long bones
🗑
|
||||
| What bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width? | Short bones
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|
||||
| What bones are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment? | Flat bones
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|
||||
| What bones include the cranial bones, which protect the brain, the breastbone, and ribs, and shoulder blades? | Flat bones
🗑
|
||||
| Wrist bones and ankle bones are an example of what? | Short bones
🗑
|
||||
| What bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any other category? | Irregular bones
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|
||||
| Examples of what bones include the backbones, hipbones, certain facial bones, and the heel bone? | Irregular bones
🗑
|
||||
| What bones develop in certain tendons where this is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress, such as the palms and soles? | Sesamoid bones
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|
||||
| What bones vary in number person to person except for the patellae which are normally present in all individuals? | Sesamoid bones
🗑
|
||||
| What bones protect tendons from excessive wear and tear? | Sesamoid bones
🗑
|
||||
| What is the bone's shaft or body, the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone? | Diaphysis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the distal and proximal ends of the bone? | Epiphyses
🗑
|
||||
| What are the regions in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses? | Metaphyses
🗑
|
||||
| In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains what which is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length? | Epiphyseal plate
🗑
|
||||
| When bone growth in length stops, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by ossesous tissue, resulting in what? | Epiphyseal line
🗑
|
||||
| What is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation with another bone? | Articular cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| What cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints? | Articular cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| What is a tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage? | Periosteum
🗑
|
||||
| What contains bone-forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness, and protects the bone, assits in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons? | Periosteum
🗑
|
||||
| What is the space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults? | Medullary cavity
🗑
|
||||
| What is a thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains bone-forming cells? | Endosteum
🗑
|
||||
| What contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells and is about 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50% crystallized mineral salts? | Osseous tissue
🗑
|
||||
| What is the calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate found in bones? | Hydroxyapatite
🗑
|
||||
| What is the process of depositing mineral salts around collagen fibers? | Collagen
🗑
|
||||
| What does not resist torsional forces well? | Bone
🗑
|
||||
| What are unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme and are the only bone cells to undergo cell division? | Osteogenic cells
🗑
|
||||
| What cells are found in the inner portion of the periosteum in the endosteum and in the canals within bones that contain blood vessels? | Osteogenic cells
🗑
|
||||
| What are bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue? | Osteoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| What secrete collagen and initiate calcification, becoming trapped in secretions and become osteocytes? | Osteoblasts
🗑
|
||||
| What are mature bone cells and are the most numerous cells in osseous tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, but do not undergo cell division? | Osteocytes
🗑
|
||||
| What are huge cells derived from fusion of up to 50 monocytes, concentrated in the endosteum and release enzymes that digest the bone matrix? | Osteoclasts
🗑
|
||||
| The breakdown of the extracellular matrix of ossesous tissue is a process that is part of the normal development, growth, maintenance and repair of bones. What is the process called? | Resorption
🗑
|
||||
| What contains few spaces and forms the external layer of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones, providing protection and support? | Compact bone tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum penetrate the compact bone tissue through what? | Transverse perforating or Volmann's canals
🗑
|
||||
| The vessels and nerves of the perforating canals connect with those of the periosteum, medullary cavity, and what else? | Central or haverisan canals
🗑
|
||||
| What run longitudinally through the bone? | Central canals
🗑
|
||||
| Around the central canals are rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk are called what? | Concentric lamellae
🗑
|
||||
| Between the lamellae are small spaces containing osteocytes. What are the spaces called? | Lacunae
🗑
|
||||
| Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are tiny channels filled with processes of osteocytes called what? | Canaliculi
🗑
|
||||
| What connect lacuna and allow osteocytes to communicate? | Canaliculi
🗑
|
||||
| What bone does not contain osteons, but consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregulate lattice of thin columns of bone? | Spongy bone
🗑
|
||||
| What contain lamellae in thin columns of bone, which help make bones lighter and are sometimes filled with red bone marrow? | Trabeculae
🗑
|
||||
| What bone is located where stresses are weaker or multi-directional? | Spongy bone
🗑
|
||||
| What enter the diaphysis through numberous perforating canals and supply the periosteum and outer compact bone tissue? | Periosteal arteries
🗑
|
||||
| In what is there a large artery that enters the bone through the nutrient foramen and then divides into branches that supply the inner part of the compact bone and spongy bone of the diaphysis? | Nutrient arteries
🗑
|
||||
| What arteries enter the ends of a long bone and supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue of the epiphyses? | Epiphyseal and Metaphyseal arteries
🗑
|
||||
| What exit with arteries and carry blood away? | Veins
🗑
|
||||
| What accompany the blood vessels that supply bones and are sensitive to tearing or tension? | Nerves
🗑
|
||||
| What is the process by which bone forms? | Ossification or Osteogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| The skeleton of a human embryo is composed of what cells that are loosely shaped like bones and are a template for bone formation? | Loose mesenchymal cells
🗑
|
||||
| What is the simpler of bone formation and are flat bones of the skull and jawbone, as well as the soft spots that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal? | Intramembranous ossification
🗑
|
||||
| What is the site where bone develops in intramembranous ossification, and mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate? | Ossification center
🗑
|
||||
| What is the replacement of cartilage by osseous tissue called? | Endochondral ossification
🗑
|
||||
| What type of bone is endochondral ossification best observed in? | Long bone
🗑
|
||||
| What is the layer of hyaline cartilage in the mataphysis? | Epiphyseal plate
🗑
|
||||
| What zone anchors the epiphyseal plate to osseous tissue? | Zone of resting cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| What zone is when slightly larger chondrocytes are arranged in stacks and then divide to replace those that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate? | Zone of proliferating cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| What zone consists of large, maturing chondrocytes arranged in columns? | Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| What zone is only a few cells thick and consists mainly of dead chondrocytes since the extracellular matrix has calcified, and osteoclasts dissolve cartilage, osteoblasts lay down bone extracellular matrix? | Zone of calcified cartilage
🗑
|
||||
| The epiphyseal plate becomes progressively narrower until it is replaced by a bony structure, and signifies that the bone has stopped growing in length is called what? | Epiphyseal line
🗑
|
||||
| If this is damaged, growth stops? | Epiphyseal plate
🗑
|
||||
| What is it called when long bones stop growing in childhood, resulting in a normal torso but short limbs? | Achondroplastic dwarfism
🗑
|
||||
| What is due to spontaneous mutation during DNA replication resulting in a failure of cartilage growth? | Achondroplastic dwarfism
🗑
|
||||
| What is due to a lack of growth hormone that leads to normal porportions with a short stature? | Pituitary dwarfism
🗑
|
||||
| In what process do bony ridges form around blood vessels on the periosteum, ridges fuse to create a tunnel enclosing the blood vessels, and osteoblasts form lamellae toward blood vessels? | Appositional blood growth
🗑
|
||||
| Adequate dietary intake of minerals, hormones, and weight bearing exercise are factors that affect what? | Bone growth
🗑
|
||||
| What raises blood calcium by increasing intestinal absorption from the skeleton, increases stem cell differentiation, and promoting urinary reabsorption of calcium ions? | Calcitriol
🗑
|
||||
| Rickets and osteomalacia occur without what? | Vitamin D
🗑
|
||||
| What raises blood calcium? | Parathyroid hormone
🗑
|
||||
| What release the parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low? | Parathyroid glands
🗑
|
||||
| What increase the number of osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts, increase the reabsorption of calcium, stimulate excretion of phosphate in kidneys, and increases calcitriol synthesis in kidneys? | Parathyroid hormones
🗑
|
||||
| What lowers blood calcium levels? | Calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| What is secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high and increases the number and activity of osteoblasts? | Calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| What is important in children but has little effect in adults since osteoclasts are more active in children and also reduces bone loss in osteoporosis? | Calcitonin
🗑
|
||||
| What is bone mass loss where bones become brittle and this is risk of fracutre? | Osteoporosis
🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors of what include post-menopause when there is an average loss of 30% bone by age 70? | Osteoporosis
🗑
|
||||
| Prevention of what includes exercise and calcium intake? | Osteoporosis
🗑
|
||||
| What is any decrease in bone mass below normal? | Osteopenia
🗑
|
||||
| The healing of bone fractures typically takes how long? | Between 8-12 weeks
🗑
|
||||
| The first stage of bone fracture healing when a clot forms, then osteogenic cells form granulation tissue, is called what? | Fracture hematoma
🗑
|
||||
| The second stage of bone fracture healing is when fibroblasts produce fibers and fibrocartilage, and is called what? | Soft callus
🗑
|
||||
| The third stage of bone fracture healing is when osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks, and is called what? | Hard callus
🗑
|
||||
| The fourth stage of bone fracture healing which takes 3 to 4 months as spongy bone is replaced by compact bone is called what? | Bone remodeling
🗑
|
||||
| What is a treatment of fractures when fragments are aligned with manipulation and are casted? | Closed reduction
🗑
|
||||
| What is a treatment of fractures with surgical exposure and repair with plates and screws? | Open reduction
🗑
|
||||
| What are used for prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints, and muscles? | Orthopedics
🗑
|
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