The Nervous System II: The Central Nervous System
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| the brain provides for | voluntary/involuntary movementes
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| the brain functions in | interpretation and integration of sensation
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| the brain provides | consciousness and cognitive function
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| the brain also is involved in | innervation of the head through the cranial nerves
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| basic organization of the brain (4 basic parts) | cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), diencephalon, brain stem(midbrain, pons, medulla) cerebellum
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| gray matter is mostly | cell bodies of neurons (some short unmyelinatede axons and dendrites; some neuroglia)*
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| white mater is mostly | myelinated axons (or fibers) of neurons
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| brain stem is | white matter external to central gray matter
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| cerebrum and cerebellum | additional external cortex of gray matter
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| the ventricles are | expansions of the brain's central cavity
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| the ventricles are filled with | crebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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| the ventricles are lined with | ependymal cells
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| CSF functions in | floating and cushioning the brain and the spinal cord
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| lateral ventricles (2) span | both the cerebral hemispheres, separated by the septum pellucidum
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| third ventricle is | enclosed by the diencephalon
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| cerebral aqueduct is located in the | midbrain; connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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| fourth ventricle is located in the | hindbrain; continues inferiorly as the central cavity in the spinal cord
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| choroid plexus is the | vascular complex in the roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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| choroid plexus is responsible for | CSF production
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| features of the cerebral hemispheres | grooves on and around the hemispheres
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| fissures | deepest grooves, which separate major portions of the brain
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| transverse cerebral fissure separates | cerebrum from cerebellum inferiorly
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| longitudinal fissure separates the | right and left cerebral hemispheres
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| sulci (furrow) | the many grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
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| gyri (twister) | twisted ridges of the brain tissue (lumpy bumps)
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| each cerebral hemisphere has | five major lobes separated by sulci
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| frontal lobe is separated from | parietal lobe by the central sulcus
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| another lobe of the cerebral hemispheres which has no additional information | parietal lobe
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| occipital lobe lies | farthest posteriorly; separated from parietal lobe by the parieto occipital sulcus
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| temporal lobe | lateral side of hemispheres
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| temporal lobe is laterally separated from the parietal and frontal lobes by the | lateral sulcus
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| temporal lobe is inferiorly separated from the occipital lobe by the | calcarine sulcus
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| insular lobe is buried | deep within the lateral sulcus and forms part of its floor
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| the insular lobe is covered by parts of the | temporal, parietal and frontal lobes
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| internal structure of cerebrum consists of the | three largest regions within the cerebrum
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| 3 largest regions of cerebrum | cerebral cortex of gray matter, cerebral white matter, basal nuclei
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| cerebral cortex of gray matter | superficial layer
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| cerebral white matter | internal
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| basal nuclei | deep in the white matter
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| cerebral cortex is the site of | conscious sensory perception, voluntary initiation of movements, higher thought functions
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| cerebral cortex contains | billions of neurons arranged into 6 layers
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| cerebral cortex has...areas | brodmann; 52 structurally different areas identified by Korbinian Brodmann
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| there are three functional areas of the cerebral cortex known as the | motor/sensory/association areas
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| primary motor cortex is located along the | precentral gyrus
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| the pyramidal axons in the...signal...to bring about...of the body...especially the | primary motor cortex...motor neurons....precise or skilled voluntary movements...forearms, fingers, facial muscles
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| contralateral projections of primary motor cortex | R and L motor cortices control muscles on the left and right sides of the body
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| motor homunculus | body map on the motor cortex
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| the motor neurons for the human body are represented | spatially in the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere
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| the pyramidal cells or large motor neurons that control hand movements are in...those that control foot movement are in | one place...another; etc.
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| the body is represented | upside down
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| the face and hand representations are | disproportionately large in order to provide more pyramidal cells to control for the delicate and skilled movements
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| somatotopy | general principle of body mapping
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| premotor cortex | anterior to the precentral gyrus (area 6)
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| premotor cortex controls | more complex movements than does the primary motor cortex
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| frontal eye field | anterior to the premotor cortex (area 8)
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| frontal eye field controls | voluntary movements of the eyes
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| broca's area | anterior to the inferior part of the premotor cortex; in the L cerebral hemisphere only
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| broca's area manages...and controls... | speech production...movements necessary for speaking
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| sensory areas are located in | the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
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| sensory areas are cortical areas with | conscious awareness of sensation
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| there is a disticnt | cortical area for each of the major senses
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| primary somatosensory cortex is located along thee | postcentral gyrus
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| primary somatotosensory cortex is involved with | conscious awareness of the general somatic senses
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| primary somatosensory cortex = | spatial discrimination and collateral projections
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| sensory homunculus is the same as the motor homunculus except that it deals with | sensory neurons instead
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| the .... are the most sensitive body parts | lips and hands which is why they are disproportionally large in the homunculus
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| somatosensory association cortex/area lies | posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
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| somatosensory association cortex integrates | different sensory inputs into a comprehensive understanding of what is being felt
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| visual areas: overall, | -30 cortical areas are involved in visual processing involving the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes
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| primary visual cortex (striate) | largest cortical sensory area(posterior and medial portion of occiptal lobe)
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| most of the primary visual cortex is located | within the deep calcarine sulcus on medial aspect of occipital lobe
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| the primary visual cortex receives | visual info that originates on the retina of the eye
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| visual association area surrounds the | primary visual area and covers much of the occipital lobe
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| the visual association area communicates with the | primary visual area and continues processing of visual info by analyzing color, form, and movement
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| primary auditory cortex is the | superior edge of temporal lobe, primarily inside the lateral sulcus
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| primary auditory cortex performs | conscious awareness of sound
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| auditory association area lies just | posterior to primary auditory cortex
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| auditory association area permits | evaluation of a sound (speech)
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| the auditory assocation area is usually located in the | left hemisphere in the center of Wernicke's area
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| gustatory cortex lies on the | roof of the lateral sulcus
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| gustatory cortex performs | conscious awareness of taste stimuli
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| vestibular cortex (equilibrium) | posterior part of insula
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| vestibular cortex performs | conscious awareness of the sense of balance
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| olfactory cortex is the | medial aspect of cerebrum in the piriform lobe
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| olfactory cortex performs | conscious awareness of smell
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| assocation areas = " | higher-order processing areas"
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| some of the association areas make associations between the | different kinds of sensory info received
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| prefrontal cortex is the large region of the | frontal lobe, anterior to motor area
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| prefrontal cortex is the most | complicated cortical region
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| prefrontal cortex performs | many cognitive functions
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| general interpretation area | posterolateral cerebral cortex at the interface of the visual, auditory and somatosensory association areas
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| general interpretation area integrates | all these types of sensory info (visual/auditory/somatosensory)
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| language area is a complex of | functional areas that surround the lateral sulcus in the left hemisphere
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| language area is involved in | various functions related to language
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| language area has 5 sections | broca's area, wernickes, lateral prefrontal cortex, lateral andinferior temporal lobe, insula
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| broca's area | speech production
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| wernickes area | speech comprehension
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| lateral prefrontal cortex | deep conceptual analysis of spoken words
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| most of the lateral and inferior temporal lobe | coordination of auditory and visual aspects of language
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| parts of the insula | initiation of word articulation and recognition of rhymes and sound sequences
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| corresponding areas on the right hemisphere act in the | creative interpretation of words and in controlling emotional overtones of speech (not involved in mechanics of speech)
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| insula's function is | not well known
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| insula; some parts function in | language and in the sense of balance
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| other parts of the insula have | visceral functions including conscious perception of visceral sensations and behavioral influences on cardiovascular activity
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| the white matter of the cerebrum is comprised of | many axons through which the different areas of the cerebral cortex extensively communicate
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| most of the fibers in the white matter are | myelinated and bundled into large tracts
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| the fibers of white matter are classified according to | where they run
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| commissures are composed of | commissural fibers that run between the two hemispheres
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| fibers of white matter interconnect | corresponding gray areas of the left and right hemispheres
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| corpus callosum (fibers of white matter) | the largest commissure, superior to lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal fissure
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| association fibers connect | different cortical areas within the same hemisphere (run horizontally)
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| projection fibers are fibers that run | vertically to and from the brian stem and spinal cord
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| projection fibers either | descend from the cerebral cortex to more caudal parts of the CNS or ascend to the cortex from lower regions
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| through the projection fibers, | sensory info reaches the cortex and motor instructions are then relayed to effectors
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| internal capsule of white matter | projection fibers that form a compact bundle b/w the thalamus and some of the basal nuclei
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| corona radiata of white matter | projection fibers to and from cerebral cortex, which fan out
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| basal nuclei are | paired masses of gray matter embedded deep within the cerebral white matter
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| basal nuclei hae coordinates with the | cerebral cortex to control complex movements
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| caudate nucleus arches | superiorly over the thalamus, and lies medial to internal capsule
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| caudate nucleus functions in | subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands
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| amygdaloid body or nucleus is on the tip of the | tail of the caudate nucleus, but it functionally belongs to the limbic system
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| three masses of gray matter (...) lie between the bulging surface of the | (claustrum, putamen, globus pallidus) unsula and the lateral wall of the diencephalon
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| claustrum appears to be involved in | visual information processing at the subconscious level, by focusing attention on specific patterns or relevant features
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| lentiform nuclei consists of the medial | globus pallidus and the lateral putamen
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| lentiform nuclei functions as | same as caudate nucleus
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| corpus striatum | caudate + lentiform nuclei
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| the dienchephalon forms the | central core of the forebrain: surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres
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| the diencephalon consists of | 3 paired structures, enclosing the 3rd ventricle
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| thalamus | egg-shaped or football shaped
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| both the right and left thalami form the | walls of the diencephalon and the superolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle
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| interthalamic adhesion is a medial projection of | gray matter, from the thalamus on either side, that extends into the 3rd ventricle
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| the two intermediate masses | fuse in the midlkine, interconnecting the right and left thalami
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| the thalamic nuclei provides the | switching and relay centers for both sensory and motor pathways
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| the sensory information from the ... and...are not processed by the thalamic nuclei before the information is relayed to the cerebrum or brain stem | olfactory nerve and the spinocerebellar tracts
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| the thalamus contains about a dozen | major nuclei which send axons to particular portions of the cerebral cortex
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| the thalamus is concerned primarily with the | relay of sensory info to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
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| five major groups of nuclei are | anterior, medial, ventral, posterior, lateral
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| anterior nuclei is part of the | limbic system and plays a role in emotions, memory and learning
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| medial nuclei provide a | conscious awareness of emotional states
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| ventral nuclie relay info | to and from the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
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| ventral anterior relays info regarding | somatic motor commands form the basal nuclei and cerebellum to the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex
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| ventral lateral is the | same as ventral anterior
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| ventral posterior relay | sensory info concerning tough, pressure, pain, temp, and proprioception from the spinal cord and brain stem to the primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe
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| posterior nuclie contains the | pulvinar, lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei
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| pulvinar integrates | sensory info for projection to the association areas of the cerebral cortex
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| lateral geniculate nuclie (LGN) receives | visual info from the eyes via the optic tract
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| medial geniculate nuclei (MGN) relay | auditory info to the auditory cortex from the specialized receptors of the inner ear
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| lateral nuclei: relay | stations in feedback loops that adjust activity in the cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe
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| some nuclei act as | relay stations for sensory info which ascend to the primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
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| ventral posterolateral nuclei recieve...LGN and MGN receive | general somatic sensory info...visual and auditory info
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| every part of the brain that communicates with the cortex must | relay its signals through a nucleus of the thalamus
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| hypothalamus is the | inferior portion of the diencephalon
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| the hypothalamus is the most important | visceral control center
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| the hypothalamus contains centers involved with | emotions and visceral processes that affect the cerebrum and other components of the brain stem
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| the hypothalamus forms the link between the | nervous system and endocrine systems
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| the hypothalamus controls a | variety of autonomic functions
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| the hypothalamus regulates | sleep cycles, hunger, thirst, body temp, secretion of the pituitary gland and the autonomic nervous system
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| the hypothalamus regulates some | emotions and behaviors
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| the hypothalamus lies between the | optic chiasma or optic chiasm and the posterior border of the mamillary bodies
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| infundibulum is located | posterior to the optic chiasma and connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
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| the pituitary gland projects | inferiorly from the hypothalamus and secretes many hormones
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| tuberal area is the floor of the | hypothalamus which contains nuclei involved with the control of pituitary gland function
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| the hypothalamus forms the | inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle
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| the hypothalamus contains roughly a | dozen nuclei of gray matter
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| supraoptic nucleus produces | antidiuretic hormone which restircts water loss at the kidneys
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| paraventricular nucleus produces | oxytocin, which stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and prostate gland and myoepithelial cell contractions in the mammary glands
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| preoptic area controls | physiological responses to changes in body temp
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| suprachiasmatic nucleus is the body's | biological clock which regulates the timing of many daily (circadian) rhythms
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| the suprachiasmatic nucleus: it's output adjuts the activites of | other hypothalamic nuclei, the pineal gland, and the reticular formation
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| epithalamus is the most | dorsal part of the diencephalon
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| the epithalamus forms part of the | roof of the third ventricle
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| the epithalamus consists of one | tiny group of neuclei and the pineal gland which secretes the hormone melatonin
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| melatonin is involved in the regulation of | day-night cycles
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| the brain stem produces the | rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for our survival
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| the brain stem acts as a | passageway for all the fiber tracts running between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
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| the brain stem is heavily involved with | innervation of the face and head (10 of the 12 cranial nerves attach to it)
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| the internal structure of the brian stem contains | inner region of gray matter, external white matter, nuclei of gray matter is located within white matter
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| 3 brain stem regions from rostral to caudal | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| midbrain lies between the | diencephalon and the pons
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| the midbrain; its central cavity...divides it into a... | cerebral aqueduct...tectum (roof) dorsallly and a pair of cerebral peduncles ventrally
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| cerebral peduncles are | pyramidal fiber tracts that form vertical pillars which appear to hold up the forebrain
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| cerebral peduncles contain (1) | ascending fibers that synapse in the thalamic nuclei
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| cerebral peduncles contain (2) | descending fibers of the corticospinal pathway that carry voluntary motor commands from primary to motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere
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| corpora quadrigemina is a large group of | nuclei that make up the tectum, which act in the startle response
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| corpora quadrigemina processes | visual and auditory info and generate reflexive responses to these stimuli
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| superior colliculi is a paired | nuclei that act in visual reflexes
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| inferior colliculi is a paired | nuclie that act in auditory reflexes
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| the corpora quadrigemina contains the | major nuclei of the reticular formation (RF)
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| each side of the midbrain contains | a pair of red nuclei and substantia nigra
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| red nucleus is a nucleus with | abundant blood vessels, which give it a rich red coloration
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| red nucleus integrates ... and issues | info from the cerebrum and cerebellum...involuntary motor commands concerned with the maintenance of muscle tone and limb position
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| substantia nigra lies | lateral to the red nucleus
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| substantia nigra's gray matter contains | darkly pigmented cells giving it a black colorations
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| substantia nigra plays an important role in | regulating the motor output of the basal nuclei
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| the pons; anteriorly it forms a | bulging region that is wedged b/w the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
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| dorsally, the pons is separated from the | cerebellum by the 4th ventricle
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| the pons forms a | ventral bridge b/w the right and left halves of the cerebellum
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| on either side, the pons is attached to the | cerebellum by three cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle and inferior)
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| pontine nuclei relay | nuclei by which the motor cortex communicates with the cerebellum and is involved in coordination of voluntary movements
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| nuclei of the pons are concerned with the | involuntary control of respiration on each side of the brain, the RF in this region contains two respiratory centers which modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata
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| the medulla oblongata is the most | caudal part of the brain and is continuous with the spinal cord at level of the foramen magnum
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| the medulla oblongata physically connects the | brain with the spinal cord and many of its functions are directly related to this connection
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| the medullary pyramids | flank the ventral midline
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| the medullary olives lie | lateral to each pyramid and contain the inferior olivary nuclei
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| other nuclei in the medulla oblongata are grouped by | function
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| relay states are | ascending tracts that synapse in sensory or motor nuclei
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| nucleus gracilis (relay station) relays | somatic sensory info to the thalamus fromt he lower body
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| nucleus cuneatus (RS) | same as nucleus gracilis, afferents from the upper body
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| olivary nuclei relay | sensory info from the spinal cord, the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and brain stem to the cerebellar cortex
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| nuclei of cranial nerves | sensory and motor nuclei associated with five of the cranial nerves which innervate muscles of the pharynx, n eck, back and also visceral organs of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities
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| autonomic nuclei | RF nuclei and centers that are responsible for the regulation of vital autonomic functions
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| cardiofascular centers adjust | heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions and the blood vlow through peripheral tissues
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| respiratory rhytmicity centers set the | basic pace for respiratory movements and their activity is regulated by inputs from the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers of the pons
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| the cerebellum (functions) | smooths and coordinates body movements that are directed by other brain regions
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| the cerebellum helps | maintain posture and eqpuilibrium
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| 2 cerebellar hemispheres are connected medially by the | vermis
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| the surface of the cerebellum is folded into | follia which are separated by fissures
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| primary fissure separates the | two major lobes of each hemispheres
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| each cerebellar hemisphere is | divided into 2 major lobes and one slender lobe
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| anterior lobe lies | superior to posterior lobe and assists along with the posterior lobe, in the planning, execution and coordination of limb and trunk movements
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| posterior lobe lies | inferior to anterior lobe and posterior to flocculonodular lobe
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| flocculonodular lobe lies | anterior and inferior to the cerebellar hemisphere and is important in maintaining the balance and control of eye movement
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| outer cerebellar cortex of gray matter contains | large, highly branched purkinje cells
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| outer cerebellar cortex functions in | subconscious coordination and control of ongoing movements of body parts
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| internal white matter: arbor vitae (" | the tree of life"); the white matter forms a branching array that resembles a tree
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| deep cerebellar nuclei of gray matter - a relatively | small portion of the afferent fibers synapse within these nuclei before projecting to the cerebellar cortex
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| cerebellar peduncles are thick tracts of | nerve fibers that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem
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| superior cerebellar peduncles connect | cerebellum to nuclei in the midbrain, diencephalon, and cerebrum
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| the middle cerebellar peduncles connect | cerebellum to pons via a broad band of fibers that cross the ventral surface of the pons at right angles to the axis of the brain
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| inferior cerebellar peduncles connect | cerebellum to nuclei in the medulla oblongata
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| inferior cerebellar peduncles carry ascending and descending cerebellar tracts from the spinal cord | virtually all fibers that enter and leave the cerebellum are ipsilateral
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| the limbic system | emotional brain
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| the limbic system consists of a group of | structures on medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and the diencephalon forming a broad ting along the border between the cerebrum and diencephalon
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| the functional systems of the limbic system includes | septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid body
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| the fornix is a tract of | white matter connecting the hippocampus with the hypothalamus
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| the fornix and other fiber tracts link the | limbic system together
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| mammillary bodies are the prominent nuclei in the | floor of the hypothalamus, to which many of the fibers of the fornix end or connect
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| the mammillary bodies are concerned with | feeding refleces and behaviors
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| the limbic system establishes | emotional states and related behavioral drives
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| the limbic system links the | conscious intellecutal functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of other portions of the brain
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| the limbic system consolidates and | retrieves memories
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| the reticular formations (RF) is a group of | neurons that runs through the central core of the medulla, pons and midbrain
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| the RF controls | arousal of the brian as a whole due to the widespread connections of reticular neurons to other brain regions
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| the RF contains the | Reticular activating system (RAS) which maintains consciousness and alertness
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| the RAS also functions in | sleep, and in arousal from sleep
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| RF is depressed by | general anesthesia, alcohol, tranquilizers and sleep-inducing drugs
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| the meninges are comprised of | 3 membranes of CT that lie just external to the brain and spinal cord
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| the meninges the | cover and protect the CNS
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| the meninges enclose and | protect the blood vessel supplying the CNS
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| the meninges contain | CSF
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| layers of the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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| dura mater (tough mother) is a | 2 layered sheet of fibrous CT
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| periosteal layer of dura mater attaches to | internal surface of skull bones
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| meningeal layer forms | true external covering of the brain
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| dural sinuses are ares where | both periosteal and meningeal layers separate to enclose these blood-filled sinuses, which act as veins
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| falx cerebri | ligamentous membrane that attaches anteriorly to crista galli of the ethmoid bone
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| falx cerebri stablizes the | brian within the cranial cavity of the skull
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| falx cerebelli | ligamentous membrane that continues inferiorly from the posterior part of falx cerebri and runs along vermis of the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa
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| arachnoid mater | subdural space b/w the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
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| arachnoid mater contains | a film of CSF
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| subarachnoid space is | deep to arachnoid mater
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| subaracnoid space spanned by | web-like threads that hold arachnoid mater to underlying pia mater
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| subarachnoid space is filled with | CSF and contains the largest blood vessels supplying the brain
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| arachnoid villi act as | valves that allow CSF to pass from the subarachnoid space to dural sinuses
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| dura mater and arachnoid mater surround the | brain loosely
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| pia mater (gentle mother) is a layer of | delicate CT richly vascularized with fine blood vessels
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| pia mater clings | tightly to the brain surface, following every convolution
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| cerebrospinal fluid is a | watery broth located in and around the brain and spinal cord
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| CSF provides a | liquid cushion or buoyancy to the CNS structures
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| CSF helps | nourish the brain
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| CSF removes | waste produced by neurons
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| CSF transmits | neurotransmitters b/w different parts of the CNS
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| most of the CSF is made in the | choroid plexuses
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| the blood brain barrier (BBB) are | tight junctions of endothelium of brain capillaries' walls, which help form a barrier b/w the brain and the rest of the body
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| the bbb is not an | absolute barrier bec all nutrients and ions required by neurons can pass through the barrier
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| what easily diffuses through the bbb and reach the brain | lipid-soluble molecules, like alcohol, nicotine and anesthetics
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| the spinal cord in adults extend | 45 cm from the foramen magnum to L1 or L2 vertebra
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| the spinal cord is protected by | bone, meninges and CSF
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| spinal meninges are a group of | specialized membranes that provides physical stability and shock absorption for the neural tissues of the spinal cord
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| spinal dural sheath | dura mater layer but does not attach to surrounding bone
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| spinal dural sheath corresponds to | meningeal layer only
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| spinal cord is involved in | sensory and motor innervation of the entire body inferior to the head
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| spinal cord provides a | 2 way conduction pathway for signals b/w the body and the brain
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| spinal cord is the major | center for reflexes
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| there are...pairs of spinal nervess | 31
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| the pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord through the | dorsal and ventral nerve roots
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| the 31 pairs are subdivided into | cervical spinal nerves (8), thoracic spinal nerves (12), lumbar spinal nerves (5), sacral spinal nerves (5), coccygeal spinal nerve (1)
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| each of the 31 segments of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of | DRG and pairs of dorsal roots and ventral roots
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| each spinal nerve is ensheathed by a series of | CT layers similar to those in muscle tissue
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| epineurium is a | dense network of collagen fibers surrounding the entire nerve
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| perineurium partitions the nerve into | fascicles and forms the nerve blood barrier
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| endoneurium is | delicate CT fibers that surround individual axons of the fascicles
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| cervical and lumbar enlargements | the enlarged areas of the anterior horns of gray matter arise from these segments
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| dura mater is a tough, | fibrous layer that covers the spinal cord, whose caudal end froms the coccygeal ligament
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| epidural space is external to | dural sheath and separates the dura mater from the inner walls of the vertebral canal and is filled with fat and veins
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| epidural sapce is where | anesthetics are injected
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| subdural space separates the | dura mater from the arachnoid mater
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| subarachnoid space is internal to the | arachnoid mater and contains the arachnoid trabeculae which is a network of collagen and elastic fibers and CSF
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| CSF functions as | shock absorber and diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products
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| pia mater is firmly | attached to the underlying neural tissue
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| denticulate ligaments are comprised of | supporting fibers that bind the spinal pia mater and arachnoid mater to the dura mater
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| denticulate ligaments function in | preventing either lateral or inferior movement of the spinal cord
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| conus medullaris | inferior tapered end of spinal cord
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| filum terminale is a strand of | fibrous CT covered with pia mater
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| filum terminale extends through the | vertebral canal to S2 vertebra
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| filum terminale attaches to the | coccyx inferiorly and anchors the spinal cord in place
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| filum terminale ultimately becomes part of the | coccygeal ligament
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| cauda equina (horses tail) consists of the | lumbar and sacral nerve roots at the inferior end of vertebral canal, including the filum terminale
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| posterior median sulcus and anterior median fissure are two | deep grooves that run the length of the spinal cord and partly divide it into right and left halves
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| surrounding the central canal is a | central core of gray matter which is a mixture of motor neuron cell bodies, short unmyelinated axons and dendrites of sensory neurons, association neurons are neuroglia
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| gray commissure | posterior and anterior to the central canal
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| gray commissure consists of | axons of inerneurons that corss from one side of the spinal cord to the other side
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| nuclei of spinal cord | groups of nueron cell bodies in the spinal cord gray mater
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| posterior horns consist of | all interneurons
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| outside the spinal cord, the cell bodies are in the | dorsal root ganglia and the axons are in the dorsal roots
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| posterior horns contain | somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
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| anterior horns are the | largest areas in the cervical and lumbar regions which innervate the upper and lower limbs
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| anterior horns provide | somatic motor control
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| lateral horns are present in the | thoracic and superior lumbar segments of the spinal cord
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||||
| lateral horns consists of | visceral motor neurons
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| dorsal roots and ventral roots contain | sensory and motor neuron fibers
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||||
| dorsal and ventral roots form the | spinal nerves, therefor spinal nerves are mixed nerves in that they contain both sensory and motor neurons fibers
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|
||||
| the white matter on each side of the spinal cord is divided into | three white columns or funiculi
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|
||||
| posterior funiculus is suvdivided into | fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus
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|
||||
| fasciculus gracilis contains | axon fibers supplying the lower body
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|
||||
| fasciculus cuneatus contains | axon fibers supplying the upper body
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|
||||
| anterior funiculus is continuous with | lateral funiculus
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|
||||
| ascending tracts are groups of | fibers that relay sensory info from the spinal cord to the brain
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|
||||
| descending tracts are | groups of fibers that relay motor info fromt eh brain to the spinal cord
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|
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