Nervous System I: Nervous Tissue
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| the nervous system is one of the ... yet... organ systems in the human body | smallest...complex
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| nervous system includes all of the | neural tissue in the body
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| the nervous system along with the ... controls and adjusts the activities of ... | endocrine...the other organ systems in the body
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| chief functions of nervous system | monitor, integrate, respond to information in the environment
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| CNS contains the | brain and spinal cord
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| PNS contains | nerves and ganglia
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| ganglia are all the nervous tissue structures external to the | CNS
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| the nervous system receives..and dictates | sensory inputs...motor outputs
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| 2 functional divisions of the nervous system | afferent and efferent
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| afferent = | sensory
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| afferent division carries...from...through the | sensory impulses...sensory receptors...PNS TOWARDS the CNS
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| efferent division = | motor
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| efferent division carries...through...to the... | motor impulses AWAY FROM the CNS...the PNS...effectors
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| effectors are | muscles and glands
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| efferent is further divided into the | somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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| SNS provides | voluntary control over skeletal muscle contraction
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| ANS provides | automatic control involving regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity
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| types of sensory inputs and motor outputs are categorized as | somatic, visceral, general, special, branchial, proprioception
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| somatic refers to the | outer body
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| visceral refers to mainly the | inner body
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| general | widespread
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| special | localized
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| branchial innervation refers to | the motor innervation of pharyngeal muscle
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| proprioception refers to a series of senses that monitor the degree of | strech in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules
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| proprioception, therefor, refers to | sensing the positions and movements of the body parts
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| nervous tissue organization is comprised of | neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia or glial cells
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| neurons are | long-lived, non-dividing cells
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| each neuron has a | cell body (soma) and cell processes (axons and dendrites)
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| neuron cell SOMA contains a | nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm (nucleoplasm or perikaryon)
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| cytoplasm of neuron contains | supportive neurofibrils, neurotubules, neurofilaments and chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies
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| Nissl bodies are concentrations of | RER and free ribosomes
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| all neuron bodies are in the CNS except | for those found in ganglia of the PNS
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| axon hillock is the specialized region of an axon which connects | the initial segment of the axon to the cell body
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| axoplasm | cytoplasm of axon which contains numerous organelles
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| collaterals | side branches from an axon
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| terminal arborizations are a series of fine, | terminal extensions which branch from the tip of the axon and end at the synaptic terminals
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| terminal bouton is the area where | one neuron synapses on another
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| axolemma | plasmalemma of an axon
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| ganglia (PNS) | clusters of PNS neuron cell bodies
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| nerves (PNS) | bundles of axons in PNS
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| most neurons have a # of branched | dendrites which are receptive sites that conduct signals from other neurons TOWARD the neuron cell body
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| most neurons have one | axon which generates and conducts nerve impulses AWAY from the neuron cell body
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| synapse is a functional | junction between neurons at neuroeffector junctions
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| synapses function as a | site of intercellular communication
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| synapses occur on | dendrites, the cell body, or along axons (axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic)
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| vesicular synapse = | chemical synapse involving neurotransmitters
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| nonvesicular synapse = | electrical synapse involving direct contract between cells
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| anatomically, neurons are classified by the | number of processes issuing from their cell bodies (multi, bi, uni, pseudouni, anaxonic)(polar)
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| multipolar | several dendrites and one axon
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| bipolar | one dendrite and one axon
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| unipolar | one process
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| pseudounipolar | the dendrite and axon are continuous at one side of the cell body
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| anaxonic | contains no distinguishable axon
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| functionally, neruons are classified according to the | direction in which they conduct impulses (sensory, motor, interneruons)
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| sensory (afferent) neurons conduct impulses | TOWARDS the CNS
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| motor (efferent) neurons conduct impulses | AWAY from the CNS
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| interneurons (association neurons)lie in the | CNS between sensory and motor neurons
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| there are non-neural supporting cells in the neural tissue which | support, protect, nourish and insulate neurons
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| supporting cells of the nervous system | neuroglia or glial cells
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| neuroglia of the CNS include | astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
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| astrocytes are the | largest andmost numerous of the glial cells
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| astrocytes function in controlling the | interstitial environment
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| astrocytes repair | damaged neural tissue
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| astrocytes create a | 3-D framework for the CNS
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| astrocytes guide | neuron development
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| astrocytes maintain the | blood-brain barrier which isolates the CNS from the environment
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| microglia | phagocytic cells of the CNS
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| microglia cells engulf | cellular debris, waste products and pathogens
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| ependymal cells | cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells that line the central canal and ventricles of the brain
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| oligodendrocytes | glial cells responsible for maintaining cellular organization in the gray matter and producting myelin to completely sheath areas of white matter
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| neuroglia or supporting cells of the PNS include | schwann cells and satellite cells
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| schwann cells | myelin forming cells that cover all peripheral axons, whether myelinated or unmyelinated
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| satellite cells | enclose neuron cell bodies in the peripheral ganglia
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| satellite cells regulate the | exchange of nutrients and waste products between the neuron cell body and the extracellular fluid
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| thick axons are | myelinated
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| myelin speeds | impulse conduction along axons
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| myelin sheath = a coat of | supporting cell membranes wrapped in layers around the axon
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| the myelin sheath has gaps called | nodes of ranvier
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| unmyelinated axons are surrounded by | supporting cells but they are not wrapped by layers of myelin
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| a peripheral nerve (simply nerve) is a | bundle of axons wrapped in CT in the PNS
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| each axon is enclosed by an | endoneurium
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| each fascicle of axons is wrapped by a | perineurium
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| the whole nerve is surrounded by the | epineurium
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| nerves are | organs because they contain more than one kind of tissue
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| reflexes are | rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
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| reflexes can either be | somatic or visceral
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| 5 minimum number of elements in a reflext | receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
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| simple 3 neuron reflex arcs form the basis of the | structural plan of the entire nervous system
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| sensory neurons enter the | spinal cord dorsally
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| motor axons exit | it ventrally
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| interneurons are the | confined to the CNS
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| the nerves in the PNS consist of the peripheral axons of the | sensory and motor neruson
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| cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons make up the | internal gray matter of the CNS, whereas the cell bodies of sensory neurons lie external to the CNS in sensory ganglia of the PNS
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| throughout most of the CNS the inner gray matter is surrounded by | outer white matter
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| the extreme center of the spinal cord and brain is a | fluid-filled hollow central cavity
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