ChiroBoards2: Ligaments, Joints, Palpation, and Nervous System
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| Holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas | Transverse Ligament
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| C0 to body of C2, Cross-shaped | Cruciate Ligaments
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| Sides of dens to occipital condyles | Alar ligament
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| Alar Ligament: aka | check ligament
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| Alar Ligament: its purpose is to limit... | rotation of C2
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| Apex of dens to anterior aspect of foramen | Apical Dental Ligament
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| Apical Dental Ligament: its purpose it to limit... | flexion/extension of C2
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| ligaments connecting pia to dura along the spinal cord | Dentate Ligaments
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| Dentate Ligaments: How many? | 21 pairs
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| front of vertebral bodies from the sacrum to C2 | ALL
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| Continuation of the ALL from ATLAS to OCCIPUT | Anterior atlanto-occipital lig.
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| Anterior atlanto-occipital lig. limits.... | extension
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| Runs posteriorly against the vertebral bodies | PLL
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| PLL: wide and thin portions? | wider in cervicals; thinner in lumbars (thinnest at L5)
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| PLL: limits... | flexion
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| Continuation of the PLL from C2 to OCCIPUT | Tectorial membrane
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| Tectorial membrane limits.... | flexion
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| Makes up 25% of height of spine | IVD
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| IVD is made of: | Fibrocartilage
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| Lamina to Lamina | Ligamentum Flavum
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| Ligamentum Flavum limits... | flexion
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| Continuation of Ligamentum Flavum from C2 to C1 | Posterior Atlantoaxial ligament
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| Continuation of Ligamentum Flavum from C1 to C0 | Posterior Atlantooccipital ligament
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| Calcified Posterior Atlantooccipital ligament: aka | Arcuate Foramen
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| Between articular processes | capsular ligament
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| Between intertransverse processes | intertransverse ligament
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| Between spinous processes | Interspinous ligaments
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| From spinous to spinous | Supraspinous ligaments
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| Continuation of the supraspinous ligament from C7 to OCCIPUT | Ligamentum Nuchae
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| A alpha: Sensory fiber | Muscle spindle: joint position sense, vibration sense, 2 point descrimination
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| A alpha: Type of nerve fiber | Muscle spindle detects stretch; 1a motor;
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| A beta: type of sensory fiber | 1B Golgi Tendon Organ: senses tension and touch pressure receptor afferents
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| A gamma | Muscle spindle efferent; gamma motor neuron
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| A delta: Fiber type and type of sense | III ; Fast pain (pressure pain, ex. pinch)
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| B fiber | Preganglionic autonomic efferent; white rami communicantes
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| C fiber: Fiber type and type of sense | IV ; slow pain, temperature afferent; postganglionic autonomic efferent; gray rami communicantes
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| Rubrospinal fxn | proximal muscle flexors of upper extremities
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| Reticulospinal fxn | extensor mm. of back and arms (except any back muscles innervated by a plexus)
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| Tectospinal fxn | neck muscles reflexive to light and sound
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| Vestibulospinal fxn | Extensors of back and legs
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| Corticospinal fxn | flexors of distal extremities
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| Corticospinal: special type of large cells | Giant Cells of Betz
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| Spinothalamic Lateral fxn | pain and temperature
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| Spinothalamic Ventral fxn | crude touch and pressure
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| Receptors of the Dorsal Columna (3) | Meissner's/Merkel's, Pacinian, Ruffini
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| Dorsal Column fxn (4) | CONSCIOUS proprioception; vibration; joint position sense; 2 point discrimination
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| Meissner's/Merkel's receptor | Touch
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| Pacinian receptor | vibration
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| Ruffini receptor | joint position sense
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| Spinocerebellar | UNCONSCIOUS proprioception
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| Muscle Spindle Cell: Type and Fxn | Type 1a fiber; picks up STRETCH
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| Golgi Tendon Organ: Type and Fxn | Type 1b fiber; picks up TENSION
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| Astrocytes store | glucose (also forms blood brain barrier)
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| Microglia aka | Macrophages (in the brain)
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| Ependymal cells line what structures? | ventricles and produce CSF
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| Oligodendrocytes produce | myelin in the cns
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| MS | demyelination of CNS
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| Schwann cells | come from neural crest cells to produce myelin in the PNS
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| Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses | From neural crest cells and allows for peristalsis
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| Meissner's vs. Auerback's: histology | Meissner's = Mucosal ; Auerbach's = muscular
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| Renshaw cells | from neural crest cells and inhibit alpha motor neuron (-) feedback
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| 4 parasympathetic CN's | CN III, VII, IX, X
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart : T1-T4 | Heart and lungs
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T5-T9 | Stomach (GERD)
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T4 | Gallbladder
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T6-T10 | Liver, Pancreas, GALLBLADDER
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart: T10-T12 | Kidney (UTI)
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart: L1-L2 | Ovary, Colon (sympathetically driven)
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| Meric (DumDum) Chart: Sacrum | Colon, Uterus (parasympathetically driven)
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| IVF Boundaries: anterior | bodies and IVD
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| IVF Boundaries: superior and inferior | Pedicles
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| IVF Boundaries: Posterior | facet joints
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| Nerve root sheaths occupy___________% of the IVF | 35-50%
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| 50-65% of the IVF foramen contains the following: (6 structures) | Loose areolar tissue, adipose tissue, spinal artery, veins, lymphatics, an recurrent meningeal nerve.
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| Compression of IVF : (4 affected structures) | Fat/V.A.N (Veins, arteries, nerves)
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| Structure that is inside the IVF that is MOST sensitive to compression and MOST affected by subluxation. | Dorsal Root Ganglia
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| Least to Greatest Pressure Changes in Disc: Based on body positioning | Recumbent-->Standing-->Sitting-->Sitting with forward lean--> Jumping
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| Weakest part of the disc | posterolateral aspect (due to narrower PLL)
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| Compressive load on disc causes fracture of this structure first | End plate (with no herniation)
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| Nutrition to the disc by way of______________ | imbibition (motion)
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| Ankylosis | pathological fusion of bones across a joint
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| Allodynia | perception of pain from a normally non painful stimulus
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| Axonotmesis | Type II nerve injury; disruption of axon with Wallerian degeneration, resulting in temporary paralysis and sensory changes.
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| Hyperemia | presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a particular region of the body
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| Hysteresis | loss of energy during cyclic loading and unloading of viscoelastic substance, i.e. jumping
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| Meniscoid | intra-articular synovial tabs
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| Muscle spindle | receptor sensitive to stretch (length) of intrafusal fibers
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| Neuropraxia: definition | Type I nerve injury; local nerve conduction block (nerve pressure or blunt trauma) with no physical disruption of axon
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| Neuropraxia: results in | transient paralysis, slight sensory changes, and no reaction of degeneration.
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| Neuropraxia: recovery time range | hours to days
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| Axonotmesis: recovery time range | weeks to months
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| Neurotmesis: definition | Type III nerve Injury; partial or complete severance of the nerve. Full reaction of degeneration with no recovery possible
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| Sinu-vertebral nerve: aka | Recurrent meningeal nerve
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| Sinu-vertrebral nerve: afferents supply | Free nerve endings connected to fascia, ligaments, periosteum, intervertebral joints, and IVD
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| Sinu-vertebral nerve: goes to which ligaments and tissue? (3) | PLL; Ligamentum Flavum; and Anterior Dura (NOT THE ALL)
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| Soma (somatic) refers to | refers to skin, bone, nerve, and muscle
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| Vertebral arteries begin at what nerve root? | C6
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| Viscera refers to | autonomic organs, blood, and lymph
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| Vitalism | The principle that maintains the laws of physics and chemistry cannot explain the nature of life.
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| Hilton's Law | Trunk of a nerve sends branches to a particular muscle; the joint moved by the muscle and skin overlying the muscle insertion.
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| Hilton's Law: Patho application | Altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve activity to the segmentally related spinal joints.
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| Heuter Volkmann's Law | Increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa. (Scheuermann's Dx**)
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| Bell-Magendie | Anterior horn of the cord is motor while the posterior horn is sensory
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