nwhsu
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A complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its bound coenzyme and/or metal ions is called ? | holoenzyme
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The protein portion of a holoenzyme is called ? | apoenzyme
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Inorganic ion attached to an enzyme | cofactor
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organic or metallorganic ion attached to an enzyme | coenzyme
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3 components of holoenzymes | apoenzyme (polypeptide)
cofactor & coenzyme (non-amino acid)
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enzymes affect ______ | rate of reaction
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what happens to activation energy in presence of an enzyme | it decreases
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what type of response is observed in a Vo vs [S] chart | Hyperbolic
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what is Km | michaelis- menton constant
the [S] where the rate is 1/2 vmax
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what is the michaelis menton equation | Vo = (vmax[S])/(Km+[S])
Vo= dependent variable
[S]= concentration of substrate
Vmax = theoretical maximum velocity
Km = constante
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what is the inverted MM equation | (1/Vo)= (Km+[S])/(Vmax[s])
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Lineweeaver burke equation | (1/Vo) = (Km/Vmax)(1/[S]) + (1/Vmax)
y = m x + b(y intercept)
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what is the change in Y / change in X | M = Km/Vmax
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what is the X-intercept in a LB plot | -(1/Km)
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what are the three types of reversible inhibition | competitive
uncompetitive
mixed
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what happens to Vmax and Km in competitive inhibition | Vmax stays the same
Km ^
same y intercept in lb plot
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what happens to Vmax and Km in uncompetitive | Vmax \/
Km \/
does not intercept in lb plot
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what happens to Vmax and Km in Mixed | Vmax \/
Km ^
intercepts in 2nd quadrant in lb plot
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what is it called when Vmax \/ and Km stays the same | Non-competitive inhibition
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what are 2 subtypes of enzyme regulation | noncovalent
covalent
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what are 2 types of noncovalent (reversible) reculation | MM type inhibitors ( competitive, uncompetitive, mixed)
Allosteric regulation (removed from active site, change of conformation of enzyme)
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what are 2 types of covalent regulation | reversible
nonreversible
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2 examples of reversible, covalent regulation | phosphorylation/dephosphorylation
methylation/demethylation
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example of nonreversible, covalent regulation | removal of c and or n terminals
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what is allosteric inhibition | when a modulator bonds to the enzyme ( not the active site ) and changes the shape of the active site
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an example of enzyme-phosphorylation | glycogen-phosphorylase
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what happens when [glucose] in blood falls below homeostatic value | the hormone glucagen stimulates phosphorylase-kinase
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what happens when [glucose] in blood is above homeostatic value | the hormone insulin stimulates phosphorylase - phosphatase
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what is proteolytic cleavage? | activity that leads to breaking of a covalent bond in a protein ( peptide bond )
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how are inactive precursors to enzymes found? | prefix 'pro' or suffix 'gen'
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3 examples of non reversible enzyme regulation | Hormones
Proteases in digestive tract
Blood clotting cascade
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what are 4 functions of carbohydrates | energy ( source, storage )
structure ( dna backbone, cell walls)
communication (glycocalyx)
joint lubrication (glucosamine)
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4 classifications of carbohydrates (from smallest in size to largest) | monosaccharide: building block
disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysacharides: increasing number of building blocks
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a carbohydrate with a aldehyde group | aldose
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carbohydrate with a ketone group | ketose
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group names by # of carbons | 3-triose
4-tetrose
5-pentose
6-hexose
7-heptose
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what conformation is naturally occurring and is biologically active? | D-carbohydrate
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which carbon determines d or l | chiral carbon furthest away from c=o
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D and L configurations of the SAME sugar are ______. | enantiomers (mirror-images)
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know D-glyceraldehyde D-glucose D-Mannose D-galactose D-rhibose Dihydroxyacetone D-fructose |
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two sugars that differ only in the arrangement around 1 chiral center | epimers
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what makes an alpha or beta cyclic monosacharide | the OH on the C1 carbon opposite of the H2OH on the C6 makes alpha. same side is beta
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what is meant by hemiketal (hemiacetal) | the bond in a cyclic monosacharide formed by a ketone (aldehyde)
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Homopolysaccharides | only one type of building block
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heteropolysaccharides | more than one type of building block
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what shape do 1-4 alpha linked polysaccharides make | spiral
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explain the important features of cellulose | higher organisms cannot express hydrolytic enzymes(cellulase) therefore there is no breakdown of cellulose and it is used as fiber. beta 1-4 linked
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explain the important features of lactose | it has a beta 1-4 connection, majority of humans cannot express lactase and therefore are lactose intolerant
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what is the main storage polysaccharide in animal cells | glycogen
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give information on peptidoglycan | it is found in the cell wall of bacteria
certain antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and prevent bacteria multiplication
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give 2 types of glucosaminoglycans | hyaluronate
heparin
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function of hyaluronate | joint lubrication
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heparin | regulates blood clotting by binding to prothrombin to prevent clotting.
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know glucose family monosacharides |
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starch -monosaccharides -linkage -function | m:glucose
l: 1-4 alpha
br: 1-6 alpha
f:energy storage in plants
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glycogen -monosaccharides -linkage -function | -monosaccharides : glucose
-linkage: 1-4 alpha
br: 1-6 alpha
-function: energy storage in animals
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Describe Cellulose (fiber). (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Homopolysaccharide of glucose. Beta-1,4 connection forming an acetal(glycosidic) bond. Linear/unbranched. Reducing end contains a hemiacetal. Extra-cellular. Indigestable by humans as we lack the enzyme to hydrolyze the B-1,4 bond.
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Describe Chitin (fiber). (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Homopolysaccharide. Beta-1,4. Found in cell walls in fungi, exoskeletons in arthropods, and is indigestable by humans as we lack the enzyme to hydrolyze the B-1,4 bond.
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Describe Peptidoglycan. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Repeating dimers. Beta-1,4. Found in bacterial cell walls. Antibiotics (Penicillin) inhibits cell wall synthesis and bacterial replication.
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Describe Hyaluronate. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Associates with lots of water, lots of OH groups. Functions in joint lubrication, and extracellular structure of skin/CT. Beta-1,3 WITHIN disaccharide. Beta-1,4 BETWEEN disaccharides.
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Describe Heparin (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteroploysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Found in blood. Regulates blood clotting. Binds to Prothrombin. Non-covalent,reversible. alpha-1,4
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Describe Chondroitin. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Associates with lots of water, lots of OH groups. Functions in joint lubrication, and extracellular structure of skin/CT. Beta-1,3 WITHIN disaccharide. Beta-1,4 BETWEEN disaccharides. SMALL!
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Describe Keratan Sulfate. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Associates with lots of water, lots of OH groups. Functions in joint lubrication, and extracellular structure of skin/CT. Beta-1,4 WITHIN disaccharide. Beta-1,3 BETWEEN disaccharides. SMALL!
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