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Biochem test 2
nwhsu
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A complete, catalytically active enzyme together with its bound coenzyme and/or metal ions is called ? | holoenzyme |
| The protein portion of a holoenzyme is called ? | apoenzyme |
| Inorganic ion attached to an enzyme | cofactor |
| organic or metallorganic ion attached to an enzyme | coenzyme |
| 3 components of holoenzymes | apoenzyme (polypeptide) cofactor & coenzyme (non-amino acid) |
| enzymes affect ______ | rate of reaction |
| what happens to activation energy in presence of an enzyme | it decreases |
| what type of response is observed in a Vo vs [S] chart | Hyperbolic |
| what is Km | michaelis- menton constant the [S] where the rate is 1/2 vmax |
| what is the michaelis menton equation | Vo = (vmax[S])/(Km+[S]) Vo= dependent variable [S]= concentration of substrate Vmax = theoretical maximum velocity Km = constante |
| what is the inverted MM equation | (1/Vo)= (Km+[S])/(Vmax[s]) |
| Lineweeaver burke equation | (1/Vo) = (Km/Vmax)(1/[S]) + (1/Vmax) y = m x + b(y intercept) |
| what is the change in Y / change in X | M = Km/Vmax |
| what is the X-intercept in a LB plot | -(1/Km) |
| what are the three types of reversible inhibition | competitive uncompetitive mixed |
| what happens to Vmax and Km in competitive inhibition | Vmax stays the same Km ^ same y intercept in lb plot |
| what happens to Vmax and Km in uncompetitive | Vmax \/ Km \/ does not intercept in lb plot |
| what happens to Vmax and Km in Mixed | Vmax \/ Km ^ intercepts in 2nd quadrant in lb plot |
| what is it called when Vmax \/ and Km stays the same | Non-competitive inhibition |
| what are 2 subtypes of enzyme regulation | noncovalent covalent |
| what are 2 types of noncovalent (reversible) reculation | MM type inhibitors ( competitive, uncompetitive, mixed) Allosteric regulation (removed from active site, change of conformation of enzyme) |
| what are 2 types of covalent regulation | reversible nonreversible |
| 2 examples of reversible, covalent regulation | phosphorylation/dephosphorylation methylation/demethylation |
| example of nonreversible, covalent regulation | removal of c and or n terminals |
| what is allosteric inhibition | when a modulator bonds to the enzyme ( not the active site ) and changes the shape of the active site |
| an example of enzyme-phosphorylation | glycogen-phosphorylase |
| what happens when [glucose] in blood falls below homeostatic value | the hormone glucagen stimulates phosphorylase-kinase |
| what happens when [glucose] in blood is above homeostatic value | the hormone insulin stimulates phosphorylase - phosphatase |
| what is proteolytic cleavage? | activity that leads to breaking of a covalent bond in a protein ( peptide bond ) |
| how are inactive precursors to enzymes found? | prefix 'pro' or suffix 'gen' |
| 3 examples of non reversible enzyme regulation | Hormones Proteases in digestive tract Blood clotting cascade |
| what are 4 functions of carbohydrates | energy ( source, storage ) structure ( dna backbone, cell walls) communication (glycocalyx) joint lubrication (glucosamine) |
| 4 classifications of carbohydrates (from smallest in size to largest) | monosaccharide: building block disaccharide: 2 monosaccharides oligosaccharides polysacharides: increasing number of building blocks |
| a carbohydrate with a aldehyde group | aldose |
| carbohydrate with a ketone group | ketose |
| group names by # of carbons | 3-triose 4-tetrose 5-pentose 6-hexose 7-heptose |
| what conformation is naturally occurring and is biologically active? | D-carbohydrate |
| which carbon determines d or l | chiral carbon furthest away from c=o |
| D and L configurations of the SAME sugar are ______. | enantiomers (mirror-images) |
| know D-glyceraldehyde D-glucose D-Mannose D-galactose D-rhibose Dihydroxyacetone D-fructose | |
| two sugars that differ only in the arrangement around 1 chiral center | epimers |
| what makes an alpha or beta cyclic monosacharide | the OH on the C1 carbon opposite of the H2OH on the C6 makes alpha. same side is beta |
| what is meant by hemiketal (hemiacetal) | the bond in a cyclic monosacharide formed by a ketone (aldehyde) |
| Homopolysaccharides | only one type of building block |
| heteropolysaccharides | more than one type of building block |
| what shape do 1-4 alpha linked polysaccharides make | spiral |
| explain the important features of cellulose | higher organisms cannot express hydrolytic enzymes(cellulase) therefore there is no breakdown of cellulose and it is used as fiber. beta 1-4 linked |
| explain the important features of lactose | it has a beta 1-4 connection, majority of humans cannot express lactase and therefore are lactose intolerant |
| what is the main storage polysaccharide in animal cells | glycogen |
| give information on peptidoglycan | it is found in the cell wall of bacteria certain antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis and prevent bacteria multiplication |
| give 2 types of glucosaminoglycans | hyaluronate heparin |
| function of hyaluronate | joint lubrication |
| heparin | regulates blood clotting by binding to prothrombin to prevent clotting. |
| know glucose family monosacharides | |
| starch -monosaccharides -linkage -function | m:glucose l: 1-4 alpha br: 1-6 alpha f:energy storage in plants |
| glycogen -monosaccharides -linkage -function | -monosaccharides : glucose -linkage: 1-4 alpha br: 1-6 alpha -function: energy storage in animals |
| Describe Cellulose (fiber). (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Homopolysaccharide of glucose. Beta-1,4 connection forming an acetal(glycosidic) bond. Linear/unbranched. Reducing end contains a hemiacetal. Extra-cellular. Indigestable by humans as we lack the enzyme to hydrolyze the B-1,4 bond. |
| Describe Chitin (fiber). (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Homopolysaccharide. Beta-1,4. Found in cell walls in fungi, exoskeletons in arthropods, and is indigestable by humans as we lack the enzyme to hydrolyze the B-1,4 bond. |
| Describe Peptidoglycan. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Repeating dimers. Beta-1,4. Found in bacterial cell walls. Antibiotics (Penicillin) inhibits cell wall synthesis and bacterial replication. |
| Describe Hyaluronate. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Associates with lots of water, lots of OH groups. Functions in joint lubrication, and extracellular structure of skin/CT. Beta-1,3 WITHIN disaccharide. Beta-1,4 BETWEEN disaccharides. |
| Describe Heparin (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteroploysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Found in blood. Regulates blood clotting. Binds to Prothrombin. Non-covalent,reversible. alpha-1,4 |
| Describe Chondroitin. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Associates with lots of water, lots of OH groups. Functions in joint lubrication, and extracellular structure of skin/CT. Beta-1,3 WITHIN disaccharide. Beta-1,4 BETWEEN disaccharides. SMALL! |
| Describe Keratan Sulfate. (building blocks, location, function, bond type, etc.) | Heteropolysaccharide. Glucosaminoglycan. Repeating Disaccharide. Associates with lots of water, lots of OH groups. Functions in joint lubrication, and extracellular structure of skin/CT. Beta-1,4 WITHIN disaccharide. Beta-1,3 BETWEEN disaccharides. SMALL! |
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