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Spinal Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells | ectoderm |
| forms axial skeleton | notochord |
| forms neural plate | ectoderm |
| forms neural groove which houses spinal cord and brain vesicles | neural plate |
| "MOANER" | neural plate |
| forms the lining of the digestive tube & its associated structures | endodern epithelium |
| glands of buccal cavity, pharyngeal pouches & pharynx | foregut |
| duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of transverse colon | midgut |
| part of transverse, sigmoid & descending colon, rectum, & upper anal canel | hindgut |
| urinary bladder, vagina, urethra, prostate & urethral glands | allantois |
| forms sclerotome, myotome, dermatome | somite cells |
| between interatrial septum, becomes fossa ovalis | foramen ovale |
| bypasses lung pulmonary veins & left ventricle, becomes ligamentum arteriosum | ductus arteriosus |
| bypasses sinusoids of fetal liver, becomes ligamentum venosum | ductus venosus |
| becomes ligamentum teres | umbilical vein |
| becomes medial umbilical ligaments | umbilical arteries |
| telencephalon, diencephalon | prosencephalon |
| metencephalon, myelencephalon | rhombencephalon |
| separates lateral ventricles | septum pellicidum |
| 1&2 to 3rd ventricle | foramen of monroe |
| cerebral acqueduct of sylvius | mesencephalon |
| caudate and putamen | striatum |
| putamen and globus pallidus | lentiform nucleus |
| fastigial, globus, emboliform, dentate | cerebellar nuclei (medial to lateral, small to large) |
| 140 ml | CSF |
| inside out (pia, arachnoid, dura) | meninges |
| choroid plexus, ependymal cells | produce CSF |
| resorbs CSF | arachnoid granulations |
| crude sensation and integrations (relay center) | thalamus |
| conscious interpretation and movement | cortex |
| main pathway between thalamus and cortex | through internal capsule and corona radiata |
| primary sensory cortex | postcentral gyrus |
| primary motor cortex | precentral gyrus |
| precise & skilled voluntary movement | corticospinal |
| influence unskilled voluntary movements and reflex activity | reticulospinal |
| reflex postural movement and visual stimuli | tectospinal |
| facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors | rubrospinal |
| facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors for BALANCE | vestibulospinal |
| pain and temperature, Tract of Lissauer, Substance P, Syringomyelia | Lateral Spinothalamic |
| crude light touch, Tract of Lissauer | Anterior Spinothalamic |
| discriminative touch (2 point), vibration and conscious proprioception | Dorsal Columns (Cuneatus and Gracilis) |
| Unconscious proprioception, Clarks column, Posterior Inferior Peduncle "PI" | Posterior Spinocerebellar |
| Unconscious proprioception, Clarks column, Anterior Superior Peduncle "AS" | Anterior Spinocerebellar |
| spino visual reflexes, movements of eyes and head toward stimulus | Spinotectal |
| Levels of consciousness, if damaged coma present | Spinoreticular |
| Cutaneous & proprioceptive information | spino-olivary |
| C2,C3 - sensory to posterolateral neck | Lesser Occipital |
| C2,C3 - sensory to ear and parotid gland | Greater Auricular |
| C2,C3 - sensory to anterior and lateral neck | transverse cervical |
| C3,C4 - sensory to shoulder and anterior chest | Supraclavicular |
| C1-C4 - motor - geniohyoid & infrahyoid muscles of neck | ansa cervicalis |
| C1-C5 - motor - neck & scalenes, levator, trapezius, SCM | segmental branches |
| C3,C4,C5 - motor - diaphragm | phrenic |
| L2-L4 - sensory (thigh, leg, foot, hip, knee joints) motor (ant thigh, psoas, pectineus, iliacus) | femoral |
| L2-L4 - sensory (medial thigh & hip joint) motor (adductors, gracilis, obturator externus) | obturator |
| L2,L3 - sensory (lateral thigh, branches to peritoneum | lateral femoral cutaneous |
| L1 - sensory (lower abdomen, lower back & hip, anterolateral abdominal wall & pubic region) | iliohypogastric |
| L1 - sensory (external genitalia, thigh & abdominals) | ilioinguinal |
| L1,L2 - sensory (scrotum, labia, thigh & cremasterics) | genitofemoral |
| L4,L5, S1-S3 - motor (tibial & common peroneal | sciatic nerve |
| L4-S3 - sensory (posterior leg & foot) motor (all muscles back of thigh, leg & foot) | tibial |
| L4-S2 - sensory (anterior leg & dorsum foot) motor (peroneals, tibialis ant, extension of toe) | common peroneal (fibular) |
| L4,L5,S1 - motor (glut med, min, TFL) | superior gluteal |
| L5-S2 - motor (glut max) | inferior gluteal |
| S1-S3 - sensory (buttock, thigh, popliteal, calf & heel | posterior femoral cutaneous |
| S2-S4 - sensory (muscles of perineum) motor (external anal sphincter) | pudendal |
| Any nerve that innervates a muscle producing movement at a joint, also innervates the joint and skin too | Hilton's law |
| Lateral cord | musculocutaneous, median |
| posterior cord | axillary, radial |
| medial cord | median, ulnar |
| compresses the brachial plexus | anterior and middle scalenes, SCM, pec major |
| toe drag | common peroneal, deep peroneal, sciatic |
| wrist drop | radial n. |
| juntion of sphenoid, temporal, frontal & parietal bones) | pterion |
| cylindrical, largest, least in number, bitter receptor, 8-12, v-form, ant to sulcus terminalus | circumvallate |
| mushroom shaped, most numerous taste receptors | fungiform |
| thread-like, sensitive to touch (no taste) | filiform |
| embryonic thyroid diverticulum (depression in dorsum of tongue) | foramen caecum |
| anterior 2/3 of tongue (sweet, sour, salty) | CN VII |
| posterior 1/3 of tongue (bitter) | CN IX |
| epiglottis & larynx | CN X |
| develops from ectoderm | retina |
| amacrine, bipolar, ganglion, horizontal, rods and cones | retinal cells |
| center of macula lutea, provides greatest acuity, only cones | fovea centralis |
| blind spot, where optic nerve and vessels attach to eye | optic disc |
| controls lens shape | ciliary muscle |
| angular acceleration and deceleration | semicircular canals |
| linear acceleration | utricle and saccule |
| cribiform plate and crista galli | ethmoid |
| hard palate, palatine, and orbital processes | maxillary |
| sella turcica, foramen ovale, rotundum, lacerum, spinosum | sphenoid |
| sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary | orbit |
| between occipital and parietal | lambdoidal suture |
| true ribs | 1-7 |
| false ribs | 8-12 |
| vertebrochondral ribs | 8-10 |
| manubrium, jugular notch | sternum (gladiolus) |
| manubrium and sternum meet (2nd rib attachment) | angle of louis |
| serratus anterior | 1-8 ribs |
| level of hyoid bone | C3 |
| level of cornus of thyroid | C4 |
| level of body of thyroid | C5 |
| level of cricoid cartilage | C6 |
| level of carotid cartilage | C6 |
| pedicle, facets, body, disc | boundaries of IVF |
| ends at L1/L2 | spinal cord |
| joints of lushka | C2-C6 |
| lowest level of vertebral a through foramen | C6 |
| cervical, thoracic | coronal plane |
| lumbar | sagittal plane |
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danielledc2b
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