PHHS - APHUG: Important vocab for Unit 5 - Agriculture and Rural Land Use
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| activities that involve extracting something from the earth | primary sector
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| activities that involve converting raw materials into intermediate or finished products | secondary sector
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| activies that involve providing a service | tertiary sector
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| activities that involve large exchanges of money or information | quaternary sector
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| activities that involve higher education and research | quinary sector
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| time period that started 2.5 million years ago; humans appeared during this age between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago | Paleolithic Age
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| activities that sustained Paleolithic humans: | hunting and gathering
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| took place between 10,000-12,000 years ago; humans first started to use domesticated plants and animals | First Agricultural Revolution or Neolithic Revolution
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| the Neolithic Revolution allowed for food surplus, which allowed people to do other non-agricultural jobs. This division of labor is known as: | specialization
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| continent where agriculture began | Asia
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| first type of domesticated plants | root crops
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| taming of animals so they can be used for human purposes | domestication
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| selective breeding of animals done to pass along desirable traits | animal husbandry
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| key event that allowed for diffusion of agricultural products between the Old and New worlds | Columbian Exchange
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| farming to feed oneself and one's family | subsistence agriculture
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| farmers who are semi-sedentary practice this type of agriculture; plant in one spot for a few years before moving on | shifting cultivation
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| farming that requires lots of labor input and/or is done on a small piece of land | intensive agriculture
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| planting a variety of different types of crops | multi-cropping
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| farmers who engage in both multi-cropping and raising domesticated animals | mixed farming or general farming
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| farming that requires little labor input and/or is done on a large piece of land | extensive agriculture
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| extensive agriculture that focuses on one crop | monoculture
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| two step process often used to quickly clear land; popular in stage 2 countries | slash and burn
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| movement that improved agriculture, lasted from the late Middle Ages to the late 1800s | Second Agricultural Revolution
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| movement that allowed the Second Agricultural Revolution to develop at a much quicker pace | Industrial Revolution
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| model used to decribe spatial patterns of primary activities around European towns during the Second Agricultural Revolution | Von Thunen Model
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| Farming that focuses on a small variety of crops grown on large tracts of land | plantation agriculture
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| farming where crops are sold for profit | non-subsistence agriculture
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| a particularly valuable crop grown on a plantation | cash crop
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| crops that are expensive and therefore purchased only by the relatively wealth | luxury crop
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| village located along one road | linear village
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| village located around key road intersections | cluster village
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| village set up in a circular structure | round village
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| village with a protective barrier around it | walled village
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| village with an organized road system that meets at 90 degree angles | grid village
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| system of planting where crops are moved around to different fields year after year to prevent soil nutrient depletion | crop rotation
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| growing two or even three rounds of crops on the same piece of land, one after another, in the same year | double (or triple) cropping
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| the systematic detruction of forested areas | deforestation
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| process by which salt levels in soil increase | soil salinization
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| process by which land is transformed into a desert | desertification
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| an agriculture concept involving engaging in activities at production levels that can be kept up long term | sustainability
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| movement that took place between the 1940s and 1970s, introducing genetic engineering to the agriculture field | Third Agricultural Revolution or Green Revolution
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| type of genetically engineered rice created in the 1960s | IR8
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| genetically engineered corn that produces its own natural pesticide | BT corn
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| hormone given to cows to make them grow bigger | rBGH
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| aritifical pesticide that was outlawed in the U.S. in 1972 due to harmful effects in certain species | DDT
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| agricultural products that are somehow different/rare/valuable or more desirable | specialized agriculture products
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| food that has non been genetically altered | Non-GMO
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| foods that have not been given compounds to prevent disease or grow artifically bigger | antibiotic and hormone free
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| food products that are non-GMO, antibiotic and hormone free, and are free of any articifical fertilizers and pesticides | organic
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| animals that are allowed to graze outside and eat a natural diet | free-range and grass-fed
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| raising of seafood for human consumption | aquaculture
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| variety of fruit or vegetable that is very old and relative uncommon, usually expensive | heirloom variety
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| product linked to specific production region | appellation
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| small plots of land that grow a variety of produce in or around an urban area | market garden
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| small to medium size farms that grow a variety of fruits and vegetables | truck farms
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| the number of calories the average person in a country eats per day | caloric intake
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| the concept of getting all the key nutrients your body needs to stay healthy | dietary balance
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| poor health due to poor caloric intake and/or dietary balance | malnutrition
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| condition due to lack of protein | kwashiorkor
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| condition due to lack of protein combined with low caloric intake | marasmus
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| number of deaths of babies age 0-1 per 1000 live births | infant mortality rate
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| number of deaths of children age 1-5 per 1000 people | child mortality rate
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| average life span of a person in a given country | life expectancy
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