APUSH Chapters 20-24
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| Abraham Lincoln | 16th president. Elected in 1860.
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| Secession | Leaving the Union. The first states to secede were SC, MS, FL, GA, LA, and TX, because of Lincoln's election.
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| Confederate States of America | The country that the states that seceded formed.
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| Jefferson Davis | President of the CSA
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| Richmond | Capitol of the CSA
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| Draft Riots | Riots against the draft in the Union
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| King Cotton | The phrase used to describe the U.S.'s dependency on cotton. It was the #1 cash crop at the time.
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| Border States | Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. Slavery was not abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation in these states.
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| Andrew Johnson | Lincoln's VP, became president when Lincoln was assassinated. Called "Mr. Veto"
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| John Wilkes Booth | Lincoln's assassin
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| Robert E. Lee | Confederate Commander. Both sides wanted him, but he felt obligated to stick with his home state.
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| Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson | Confederate general under Lee. Died at Chancellorsville.
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| Ulysses S. Grant | Became a colonel in the Union volunteer army. He ended up getting Lee's surrender.
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| William T. Sherman | Union General. His men destroyed everything in their path.
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| Fort Sumter | The first battle of the Civil War. Off the coast of SC. Confederate victory
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| C.S.S Virginia/ Monitor | First "ironclads." Fought off the coast of Virginia- draw.
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| Emancipation Proclamation | Officially made the Civil War about slavery, not just reuniting the states. It freed all slaves, but only actually in the rebelling states.
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| First Battle of Bull Run | Virginia. Confederate victory. Northern troops fled back to D.C.
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| Battle of Antietam | As Lee moved into Maryland, he met McClellan's forces again at this battle. McClellan managed to halt Lee's forces after he discovered Lee's battle plans. Although not a victory, the Union stopped the Confederate march northward.
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| Battle of Gettysburg | As Lee moved his Confederate force to the north, he was met by Meade's force at Gettysburg. Union victory.
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| Battle of Vicksburg | General Grant was given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg. Union victory.
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| Gettysburg Address | Lincoln's speech dedicating a Gettysburg cemetery. "Of the people, by the people, and for the people."
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| Lincoln's Second Inaugural address | Sets the tone of forgiveness.
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| Lincoln's Assassination | Shot in the back of the head by Booth at a play. Died the next day at a house across the street.
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| The Co-conspirators | Some of Booth's friends were also going to kill Johnson and the secretary of state that night. Neither succeeded.
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| The Radical Republicans | Republicans in the House and Senate who believed the South should be punished, not welcomed. Wade, Davis, Sumner, and Stevens were the leaders.
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| Exodusters | Former slaves that went west and started anew in Kansas.
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| 10% Plan | A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.
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| Wade- Davis Bill | 50% of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and it demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation.
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| Black Codes | A series of laws designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated slaves.
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| Sharecropping | Plantation owners rented out pieces of their land to blacks and made the cost of rent higher than the return the land produced. The renters of the land were bound by contract to continue to work the land until debts were repaid to the plantation owner.
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| 13th/14th/15th Amendments | Civil Rights amendments. Gave African Americans freedom, citizenship, and the right to vote.
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| Scalawags | Southerners who were accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence in the radical governments.
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| Carpetbaggers | Sleazy Northerners who had come to the South to seek power and profit.
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| Ku Klux Klan | A group of disgruntled white Southerners who tracked down blacks and lynched them.
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| Tenure of Office Act | The act passed by congress to prevent Johnson from firing any of the cabinet. This was mainly to keep Stanton in his job.
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| Seward's Folly | Seward signed a treaty with Russia that gave Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million.
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| Ulysses Grant (as P.O.T.U.S.) | Elected president in 1868
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| Boss Tweed | He employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk New York of as much as $200 million.He was eventually put intro prison.
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| Thomas Nast | A cartoonist who primarily did political cartoons. He did several on Tweed and ended up revealing him.
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| Rutherford Hayes | Became president in 1876. His opponent, Tilden, won the popular vote and nearly the electoral college, but Congress chose Hayes.
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| James Garfield | Won the election of 1880, but was assassinated soon after. His VP was Arthur Chester.
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| William Jennings Bryan | A populist candidate in the election of 1896
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| John D. Rockefeller | Organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870, attempting to eliminate the middlemen and knock out his competitors. By 1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the nation.
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| Andrew Carnegie | Not a monopolist and actually disliked monopolistic trusts. He entered the steel business in the Pittsburgh area and created an organization with about 40 "Pittsburg millionaires." By 1900, he was producing 1/4 of the nation's Bessemer steel.
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| J.P. Morgan | Financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. Later agreed to buy out Carnegie.
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| Cornelius Vanderbilt | The railroad was his enterprise.
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| Leland Stanford | The 4 chief financial backers of the enterprise included him and Collis P. Huntington.
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| James J. Hill | The Great Northern Railroad, running from Duluth to Seattle, was completed in 1893 by him.
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| Alexander Graham Bell | He created it telephone in 1976.
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| Thomas Edison | Invented numerous devices; the most well-known is his perfection of the electric light bulb in 1879.
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| Terence V. Powderly | Leader of the Knights of Labor
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| Samuel Gompers | Leader of the American Federation of Labor
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| The Gilded Age | A name given to the 30 years after the Civil War era by Mark Twain.
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| Populism | The "People's Party"
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| Plessy vs. Ferguson | The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the South's segregation in this case (1896), declaring that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment.
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| Jim Crow Laws | State-level legal codes of segregation.
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| Credit Mobilier Scandal | Erupted in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends.
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| Haymarket Square Bombing | Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by authorities. A dynamite bomb was thrown and killed dozens of people.
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| Knights of Labor | Formed in 1869 as a secret society and remained secret until 1881. It sought to include all workers in one big union.
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| American Federation of Labor | Founded in 1886 and was led by Samuel Gompers. The federation consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its own independence.
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| "Yellow Dog" Contract | Contracts workers were forced to sign saying that they would not join a labor union.
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| Anarchism | Belief in the abolition of all government.
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| The Golden Spike | The final, ceremonial spike that was driven into the Union Pacific, the first transcontinental railroad.
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| "Gospel of Wealth" | The belief that the wealthy were obligated to give back to their community.
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