BIO201 - Ch 11 - NervSys Basics 2 - Signal Conduction - Marieb/Hoehn Rio Salado
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| The conducting region of the neuron. | Axon
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| The axon functions to __ & __. | Generates nerve impulses & transmits them.
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| In motor neurons, the nerve impulse is generated @ junction of __ & __. | Axon hillock & Axon (trigger zone).
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| After generation, nerve impulse is conducted along the __ to the __. | Axon to the axon terminals (secretory region).
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| When the impulse reaches the axon terminals, it causes __ to be released into extracellular space. | Neurotransmitters
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| Neurotransmitters either __ or __ neurons. | Excite or inhibit
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| Neurons receive & send to scores of other __ @ same time. | Neurons
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| Anerograde movement | Movement toward axon terminals
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| Retrograde movement | Movement away from axon terminals
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| Axolemma | Axon plasma membrane
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| Hyperpolarization | When membrane potential increases & becomes more negative than resting potential.
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| Graded potentials | Short-lived changes (local) in membrane potential - decrease in magnitude w/distance & varies according to stimulus strength.
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| 2 types of graded potentials | Receptor (generator) potential & post synaptic potential.
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| Postsynaptic potentials caused by? | Neurotransmitter released into synapse.
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| Receptor potential cause by? | Excited sensory neuron due to heat, light, etc.
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| In gradedpotentials how are local currents created? | Sm. patch of membrane depolarizes & as ions flow, adjacent areas become depolarized in a spreading wave of depolarization.
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| Which cell types can generate action potentials? | Neurons & muscle cells because they have excitable membranes.
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| In a neuron, an AP is also called __. | Nerve impulse
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| Where are nerve impulses generated? | Only in axons.
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| A stimulus changes the __ of the neuron's membrane by __. | Permeability - by opening specific voltage-gated channels on the axon.
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| The transition from local graded potential to AP takes place at the __. | Axon hillock
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| 3 phases of AP generation. | (1) resting - all gates closed, (2) Depolarizing Phase - Na+ channels open, (3) Replarization Phase - Na+ close & K+ opens.
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| Na+ channel has __ gate(s). | 2 - activation & inactivation gate.
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| Sodium-potassium pumps | Carrier proteins - span neuron's membrane & use ATP to actively transport K+ in & Na+ out.
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| __ must restore a neuron's action potential. | Ion pumps
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| Action potentials are __. | All or nothing - once positive-feedback cycle of opening Na+ gates starts, nothing stops its full spike.
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| About halfway through AP, __ open & __ flows out & restores original voltage difference across membrane. | Postassium channels, K+.
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| Synaptic integration | Summation of competing signals that reach input zone @ same time - signals are suppressed, reinforced, or sent onward to other body cells.
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| Saltatory Conduction | Action potentials jump from node to node.
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| Stretch reflex | Contracts muscle after load has caused it to stretch.
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| AP results when __ open & __ flows into a neuron. | Sodium gates, Na+
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| Active transport of __ out of a neuron restores resting potential in a neuron. | Potassium (K+)
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| __ bridge synapses between all neurons & other cells. | Neuotransmitters
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| Endorphins are __. | Neuromodulators
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| Neuotransmitters are stored in __ in a cell's cytoplasm. | Synaptic vesicles
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| Neurotransmitters can __ or __ a receiving cell. | Excite or inhibit
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| How receiving cell responds to transmitter depends on several factors... | (1) type of, (2) amount of neurotrans., (3) kinds of receptors cell has, (4) types of channels, (5) input zone.
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| Neuromodulators | Can magnify or imede the effect of neuotransmitter.
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| Conduction velocity is affected by? | (1) axon diameter (bigger is faster), (2) degreeof myelination (naked is slower).
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| Briefly describe positive feedback cycle of AP. | Membrane potential depends on membrane permeability & vicea versa.
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| What 2 events contribute to replarization? | Abrupt decline in Na+ permeability & increased permeability to K+.
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| Threshold typicall reached when membrane deplarized by __ to __ mV. | 15 to 20 mV
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| Local anesthetics work by blocking __. | Voltage-gted Na+ channels - no AP.
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| Neurotransmitter receptors mediate __ potentials. | Graded
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| Chemically gated ion channels allow __ to diffuse simultaneously through membrane in opposite direction. | Na+ & K+
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| The summation of __ influence the activity of a postsynaptic neuron. | EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potentials
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| Anxon hillock membranes function as __. | Neural integrators
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| When a motor neuron is at rest, its gated __ channels are closed, plasma membrane doesn't allow much __ to leak inward, but is more permeable to __. | Sodium channels, sodium, postassium (K+)
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| The cytoplasm next to membrane is __ charged. | Negatively
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| The membrane charge difference is called __. | Resting membrane potential - around -70 mV
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| When a signal arrives, __ open & __ rushes into the neuron. | Sodium gates, Na+
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| Threshold level of stimulation. | Minimum around of voltage that shifts across plasma membrane before activation.
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| Action Potential | The "nerve impulse" - neuron's communication signal.
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| A neuron's trigger zone is riddled with __. | Sodium channels
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| Action potentials __ by themselves. | Spread/propagate
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