BIO201 -Ch 11 - NS Fundamental- Neuron/Tissue Basics - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of? | The brain, spinal cord - in dorsal cavity.
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| The CNS is the __ of the nervous system. | Integrating & command center.
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| The peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of? | The nerves (bundles of axons) that extend FROM brain & spinal cord - spinal & cranial nerves.
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| The peripheral nerves serve as? | Communication lines that link all parts of the body to CNS.
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| 2 functional subdivisions of PNS are? | Motor/efferent division (to CNS) & sensory/afferent division (away from CNS).
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| Sensory/Afferent Division | Consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors t/o the body.
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| Sensory fibers conveying impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, & joints are called __. | Somatic afferent fibers (soma=body).
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| Sensory fibers transmitting impulses from visceral organs. | Visceral afferent fibers
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| Role of the motor/efferent division? | Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs - muscles & glands - they effect a motor response.
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| The motor division of the PNS has 2 main parts. | (1) Somatic nervous system (voluntary), (2) autonomic nervous system (ANS) (involuntary).
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| Another name for the somatic nervous system? | Involuntary (autonomic) nervous system
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| The autonomic (involuntary) nervous system has 2 divisions. | Sympathetic & parasympathetic
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| The sympathetic & parasympathetic work in __. | Opposition - what one stimulates, the other inhibits.
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| Nervous tissue made of which 2 principal types of cells? | (1) supporting cells, (2) neurons
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| Glia cells provide a __ for neurons. | Supportive scaffolding
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| Name the neuroglia in the CNS. | Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, & ogligodendrocytes.
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| Like neurons, most glial cells have __. | Branching processes (extensions) & central body.
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| Neuroglia can be distinguished by their __. | Their much smaller size & darker - staining nuclei.
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| Neuroglia make up about __ mass of brain. | Half
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| Astrocytes | Most abundant & versatile glial cells - exchanges between capuillaries & neurons, guide migration of young neurons.
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| Which neuroglia "mop up" leaked potassium ions & recapturing released neurotransmitters. | Signaling one another by slow-paced intracellular calcium pulses (calcium sparks) & they participate in info. processing in brain.
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| Microglia | Small ovoid cells - monitor health of nearby neurons - phagocytize microorganisms or neuronal debris.
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| Cells of the immune system are denied access to the CNS, so __ are important to phagocytize invading microorganisms. | Microglia
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| Ependymal Cells | Squamous to columnar in shape & many are ciliated - line central cavities of brain & spinal cord - circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Oligodendrocytes | Wrap their processes around neuron fibers to produce insulating coverings called myelin sheaths.
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| Name the 2 neuroglia of the PNS. | (1) Satellite cells & (2) Schwann cells
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| Satellite cells | Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS - unknown purpose.
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| Schwann cells | Neurolemmocytes - form myelin sheaths around lg. nerve fibers in PNS. Vital to regen. of damaged peripheral nerve fibers.
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| Which neuroglia are vital to regeneration of damaged PN fibers? | Schwann cells
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| Special characteristics of neurons are? | (1) extreme longivity, (2) amitotic (can't divide), & (3) high metabolic rate.
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| Perikaryon | Neuron cell body (soma) - major biosynthetic center of a neuron.
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| Nissl bodies | Rough ER of neuron - probably the most active & best developed in body.
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| Neurofibrils | Bundles of intermediate filaments (neurofilaments) - maintain cell shape & integrity.
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| Lipofuscin | "Aging Pigment" - accumulates in neurons of elderly individuals.
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| Clusters of cell bodies in CNS are called __. | Nuclei
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| Clusters of cell bodies that lie along nerves of PNS are called __. | Ganglia
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| Bundles of neuron processes are called __ in the CNS and __ in the PNS. | Tracts, nerves
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| Any long axon is called a __. | Nerve fiber
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| Some axons have occasional branches called __. | Axon collaterals
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| Axon endings usually have 10,000 or more __ per neuron. | Terminal branches, or telodendria
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| Knoblike distal endings of terminal branches have various names like __. | Axon terminals, synaptic knobs, or boutons.
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| The conducting region of the neuron. | Axon
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| The axon functions to __ & __. | Generates nerve impulses & transmits them.
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| Axons differ fromdendrites & cell body in 2 important ways. | lacks nissl bodies (rough ER) & golgi apparatus.
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| Axon depends on __ to renew necessary proteins. | Its cell body
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| Axolemma | Axon plasma membrane
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| What viruses & bacterial toxins use retrograde axonal transport? | Polio, rabies, herpes simples, & tetanus.
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| Dendrites are always __. | Unmyelinated
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| Myelin sheaths in the PNS are formed by? | Schwann Cells
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| Neurilemma | Portion of Schwann cell's plasma membrane that bulges due to nucleus & cytoplasm.
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| Gaps in the myelin sheath are called __. | Nodes of Ranvier or neurofibril nodes.
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| Axon collaterals emerge from the axon at __. | Nodes of Ranvier (neurofibril nodes) - gaps in myelin sheath.
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| Myelin sheaths are formed by __ in the CNS. | Oligodendrocytes
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| CNS myelin sheaths lack neurilemma because? | Cell extensions are doing the coiling - by oligodendrocytes.
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| White matter contains __ fibers. | Myelinated
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| Gray matter contains __ fibers. | Unmyelinated
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| Neuorons are grouped structurally according to __. | Numbers of processes extending from cell body.
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| 3 major neuron groups - structurally. | Multipolar, bipolar, & unipolar (psudounipolar)
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| Most common polar class of neurons is __. | Multipolar neurons - 99%
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| Bipolar neurons are rare & found where? | Sense organs like retina of eye & olfactory mucosa.
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| Psudounipolar neurons are found where? | In ganglia in PNS as sensory neurons.
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| 3 functional classes of neurons. | Sensory, motor, & interneurons.
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| Virtually all sensory neurons are __. | Unipolar
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| Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit impulses __ sensory receptors. | To
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| Motor (efferent) neurons carry messages __ CNS to organs. | Away from
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| Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located __ CNS while motor neurons are __ the CNS. | Outside, in
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| 99% of neurons in body are __. | Interneurons in CNS (multipolar).
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| Interneurons are organized in information-processing __. | Blocks (circuits)
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| Reflex arc | Sensory neurons synapse directly on motor neurons - simplest path of info flow.
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| CNS (Central Nervous System) | Brain, spinal cord, interneurons
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| PNS (Peripheral Nevous System) | Nerves - somatic & autonomic subdvisions
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| Ganglia | Cell bodies of several neurons that occur in clusters.
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| Name a demyelinating disease. | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - autoimmune disease.
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| Group A nerve fibers | Thick myelin sheaths & diameter - Somatic sensory & motor - sense skin, skeletal muscles, & joints.
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| Group B nerve fibers | Lightly myelinated - autonomic NS - visceral organs, pain & touch of skin.
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| Group C nerve fibers | Unmyelinated - smalles diameter - no saltatory conduction.
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| Synapses between axon ending of 1 neuron & dendrites of other are __ synapses. | Axodendric
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| Synapse between axon of 1 neuron & cell bodies of others are __ synapses. | Axosomatic
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| Neurons have between __ axon terminals making synapses. | 1000 - 10,000
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| Electrical synapses | less common - gap junctions - protein channels - eye jerks, embryonic tissue, glial cells in CNS.
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| Inhibitory synapses occur most often on the __. | Cell body
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| Excitatory synapses occur most often on the __. | Dendrites
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| __ & __ are the "language" of the N.S. | Neurotransmitters & electrical signals.
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| Biogenic Amines | Include: dopamine, norepinephrine, etc - are catecholamines & indolamines - emotional behavior & bio clock - mental illness.
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| Peptides | Pain & pleasure - gut-brain peptides.
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| Purines | ATP - fast excitatory responses, adenosine (inhibiter of caffine)
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| Dissolved gases | Nitrous Oxide, & Carbon Monoxide
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| Channel-linked receptors | Change shape - ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
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| G Protein-linked receptors | Metabotropic receptors - slow, go-betweens
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| Neuronal pools | Functional groups of neurons that process & integrate info.
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| Diverging Circuits | Amplifying circuits - common in sensory & motor sys.
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| Converging Circuits | Have concentrating effect - putting it all together.
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| Reverberating (oscillating) circuits | Involved in control of rhythmic activities like: sleep-wake, breathing, arm swinging. Oscillates for seconds, hours, etc.
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| Serial processing | Input travels along 1 pathway - reflex arc
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| Parallel processing | Input travels along several pathways to be integrated in a different pathway. Associations.
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| N.S. originates from a __ & __ formed from surface __. | Neural tube, neural crest - surface ectoderm.
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