An American Empire
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| How did the United States feel about foreign policy during the 1800's? | show 🗑
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| show | The U.S. exercised isolationism, which was perpetuated wide oceanic buffers, British navy between the U.S. and other European powers, as well as the militarily weak nations in the Western Hemisphere.
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| What originally drove the United States to expand beyond the continent? | show 🗑
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| How did the United States' international economy promote expansion? | show 🗑
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| What was happening in Europe during the late 1800's? | show 🗑
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| What was the difference between western and new imperialism? | show 🗑
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| show | The Second Industrial Revolution led to rapid increases in production, which caused businesses to seek other markets to sell their goods and raw materials to continue maintaining the rate of production.
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| How was imperialism achieved? | show 🗑
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| show | Senator Albert J. Beveridge of Indiana, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, President Theodore Roosevelt, and naval captain Alfred Thayer Mahan.
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| How did Alfred Thayer Mahan advocate for imperialism? | show 🗑
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| How did John Fiske advocate for imperialism? | show 🗑
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| show | In 1885, the Congregationalist minister, Strong, used religion to justify how Anglo-Saxons embodied civil liberty and pure Christianity, and were destined to help others, according to his 1885 book Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis.
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| How did Secretary of State William H. Seward believe the United States should address imperialization? | show 🗑
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| show | Seward bought Alaska in 1867 from Russia to eliminate its presence in the New World and sustain his expansionist beliefs.
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| show | Both islands had major harbors, Pago Pago and Pearl Harbor, respectively, and occupied strategic positions in the ocean.
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| How did the United States get involved with Samoa? | show 🗑
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| show | The Samoans had similar treaties with the U.S., Germany, and Britain, so the nations established a tense, tripartite protectorate over Samoa during the Berlin peace conference in 1889, following the 1887 Samoan civil war.
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| Why was Hawaii a better investment than Samoa? | show 🗑
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| show | Hawaiian sugar would enter the U.S. duty free, and no Hawaiian territory would be leased or granted to a third power.
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| show | There was a rapid increase in sugar production in Hawaii, and the Americans in Hawaii established an economic elite based on Asian and Portuguese immigrant labor.
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| What was the impact of the United States' presence in Hawaii? | show 🗑
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| show | In 1885, Cleveland called the islands " the stepping-stone to the growing trade of the Pacific".
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| What was the impact of the McKinley Tariff in Hawaii? | show 🗑
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| How did Queen Liliuokalani lose Hawaiian control in Hawaii? | show 🗑
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| show | The white rebels, who took over the Hawaiian government sent a committee and a treaty to the U.S. federal government requesting to be annexed.
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| How did President Grover Cleveland address the situation in Hawaii? | show 🗑
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| show | The provisional, white government did not give up their power, proclaimed the islands the Republic of Hawaii on 7/4/1894, and included in its constitution a standing provision for American annexation.
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| How did President William McKinley address the situation in Hawaii? | show 🗑
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| How did President William McKinley annex the islands? | show 🗑
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| show | Spain continued to repress Cuban revolts because Cuba was one of Spain's oldest colonies, a major export, and a major holding in the New World, where Spain used to have a dominant presence.
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| show | Cuba was a major Spanish holding 90 miles from Florida, and the U.S. had more trade, as well as sugar and mining investments, in Cuba than Spain.
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| What was the Wilson-Gorman Tariff? | show 🗑
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| show | The Cubans rebelled against the Spanish again on 2/24/1895, as a result of the economic damaged caused by the Wilson-Gorman Tariff, and they tried to concern U.S. investors, who were part of the sympathetic, American public.
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| show | The Cubans employed guerilla war tactics, tried to attract the support of foreign nations, and were fighting for independence from a major, European power.
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| What was the strategy of Spanish general Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau? | show 🗑
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| How did the Cuban insurrection impact journalism? | show 🗑
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| show | William Randolph Hearst wrote the New York Journal, and Joseph Pulitzer wrote the New York World.
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| What did President Grover Cleveland originally seek to do? | show 🗑
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| show | The public support for the Cubans caused the Congress to endorse official recognition of the Cubans on 4/6/1896 and urged Cleveland to help the Cubans gain independence.
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| What was President Grover Cleveland's response to Congress' urgings? | show 🗑
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| How did the United States' position in the Spanish-Cuban conflict change, when President William McKinley took office? | show 🗑
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| show | The Cubans refused because Spain had offered them self-government without formal independence, so Spain was stuck between losing Cuba and being unable to end the rebellion.
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| What happened to the U.S. battleship, Maine? | show 🗑
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| show | The New York Journal released a letter from the Spanish ambassador, Depuy de Lôme, stolen by a Cuban spy, which called McKinley weak and more interested in being popular than being a politician, thus directly insulting and enraging the U.S.
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| show | José Martí y Perez led the Cuban insurrection.
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| show | Those in favor of the war, including Theodore Roosevelt, used the Maine for propaganda, such as "Remember the Maine!"
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| show | McKinley continued to avoid military conflict, but he won a $50 million appropriation from Congress for defense.
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| show | The Spanish called an unilateral cease-fire and surrendered on 4/10/1989 under the terms that Cuba would have an autonomous government, and the sinking of Maine would be left to arbitration.
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| show | The U.S. did not receive the message for surrender, so McKinley sent his war resolution to Spain demanding a response by 4/23/1898.
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| What was the Teller Amendment? | show 🗑
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| What was in President William McKinley's war resolution? | show 🗑
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| show | On 4/22/1898, McKinley announced a naval blockade of Cuba's northern coast and the port of Santiago, which is an international act of war.
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| When did the two nations declare war? | show 🗑
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| Why did the Spanish-American war occur, if the Spanish did not want to fight? | show 🗑
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| show | McKinley decided that defying the will of both Congress and the American people would be too politically risky, so the frenzied U.S. public is to blame.
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| show | At the end of the 114 day war, Spain was no longer a world power, and the U.S. gained an international foothold, as well as a boost for its own ego regarding the strength of the nation.
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| show | Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to command a small squadron in Asia and engage Spain in the Philippines, Spanish territory, in the event of war.
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| How did the United States gain the Philippines? | show 🗑
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| How did the United States get involved with the Filipino insurrectionists? | show 🗑
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| Who were the Rough Riders? | show 🗑
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| Why did Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt want a Congressional Medal of Honor? | show 🗑
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| Did President Theodore Roosevelt ever receive his Congressional Medal of Honor? | show 🗑
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| show | The U.S. took Santiago on 7/3/1898 with 474 Spanish casualties to 1 American, and the Spanish surrendered Santiago on 7/17/1898.
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| show | The U.S. forces moved into the Spanish territory, Puerto Rico, but they met minor resistance on 7/25/1898.
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| What were the terms of the armistice ending the Spanish-American war? | show 🗑
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| What was the cause of the majority of American deaths during the Spanish-American war? | show 🗑
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| show | The U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on 12/10/1898.
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| Why did the United States want to annex the Philippines? | show 🗑
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| show | McKinley did not to return them to Spain, turn them over to another European power, leave them on their own, so he decided to annex them.
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| show | McKinley summarized his ideas as national glory, commerce, racial superiority, and altruism.
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| show | The Spanish insisted that the U.S. could not claim Manila by right of conquest and had occupied the land after the armistice, so the U.S. paid the Spanish $20 million in compensation.
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| Had the United States annexed any powers in the Pacific? | show 🗑
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| What were the Anti-Imperialists main arguments? | show 🗑
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| show | Bryan argued that ending the war with the Spanish would open the way for future independence of Cuba and the Philippines.
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| show | The U.S. ratified the treaty on 2/6/1899.
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| show | Lodge admitted that the treaty would have been rejected, if the U.S. troops had not engaged in combat with the Filipino the previous week.
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| show | The U.S. wanted to make trouble for the Spanish because Aguinaldo's forces were controlling the islands outside of Manila, and Aguinaldo had been exiled for insurrection.
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| How did the United States defeat the Filipino resistance? | show 🗑
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| How did the Anti-Imperialists advocate for an end to imperialism? | show 🗑
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| How did President William McKinley deal with the Philippines upon defeating the rebellion? | show 🗑
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| show | Taft encouraged and allowed the Filipinos to participate in his government with him as civil governor.
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| What was the Philippine Government Act of 1902? | show 🗑
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| show | The U.S. officially intended to grant the Philippines independence on an unspecified date, and it granted the Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens with elected houses of legislature.
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| What was the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934? | show 🗑
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| What occurred in the Philippines in 1934? | show 🗑
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| show | The Philippines were made independent on 7/4/1946.
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| What was the Foraker Act of 4/12/1900? | show 🗑
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| show | The Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. constitution did not extend to U.S. territories unless it was specified by Congress.
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| show | The Cubans had been liberated from Spanish rule, so he wanted to grant them self-government gradually in order to promote stability.
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| How did Cuba impact the work of Dr. Walter Reed? | show 🗑
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| What was the Platt Amendment? | show 🗑
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| How did Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, assume governmental control in Cuba? | show 🗑
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| show | Japan had become a world power since Commodore Matthew Perry had exposed them to westernization between 1853-4.
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| show | Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894-5, picked up the Pescadores Islands, Formosa (Taiwan), and demonstrated the Chinese vulnerability that inspired the "spheres of influence".
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| How did the United States' isolationist policy influence its stance in China? | show 🗑
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| What was the Open Door policy? | show 🗑
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| show | Secretary of State John Hay dispatched the Open Door policy to Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan, Italy, and France in 1899, and because they did not reject the policy, Hay determined the powers had accepted it.
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| show | The policy was grounded in the businesses wanting to exploit Chinese markets and the anti-imperialist sentiments, but the U.S. was not prepared or intending to enforce the Open Door policy.
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| What occurred as a result of the United States neglecting to enforce the Open Door policy? | show 🗑
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| Who were the Boxers? | show 🗑
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| How did the western countries respond to the Boxer Rebellion? | show 🗑
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| How did Secretary of State John Hay respond to the United States' role in repressing the Boxer Rebellion? | show 🗑
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| show | the assistant secretary of the navy, the leader of the Rough Riders, the mayor of New York, the vice president, and eventually the president.
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| show | He was elevated to the presidency, after McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York on 9/9/1901, and died.
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| What was President Theodore Roosevelt's approach to foreign affairs? | show 🗑
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| How did the Oregon contribute to the United States' foreign policy? | show 🗑
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| show | The isthmus represented an important route to the California gold fields during the late 1840's.
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| show | The agreement between New Granada (Colombia) and the U.S. that guaranteed Colombia's sovereignty over Panama and the neutrality of the isthmus.
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| show | The agreement that prevented the British from acquiring any more Central American territory, and the U.S. joined them in agreeing only to build a canal by mutual consent.
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| What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1900? | show 🗑
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| What pushed the British to revise the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty? | show 🗑
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| show | A French company under Ferdinand de Lesseps, who dug less than a third of the canal between 1881 and 1887 at the cost of $300 million and 20000 lives, wanted $109 million for its holdings.
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| show | McKinley's Isthmian Canal Commission reported in 1901 that a canal in Nicaragua would be cheaper, so the French decreased their price to $40 million.
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| show | The agreement between Ambassador Tomás Herrán of Colombia and Secretary of State John Hay, in which the U.S. paid $10 million in cash and annual rent of $250000 for the Canal Zone in Panama.
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| show | He claimed to have obtained information regarding the U.S.S. Nashville arriving at Colón, Panama on 11/2/1903, after he met with Hay and Roosevelt.
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| How did Manuel Amador Guerrero instigate conflict in Panama? | show 🗑
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| How did Philippe Bunua-Varilla contribute to the progress of the Panama Canal? | show 🗑
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| When did the Colombian government get the $25 million it requested? | show 🗑
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| When did the Panama Canal open? | show 🗑
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| How did the Dominican Republic influence United States foreign policy? | show 🗑
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| show | Although the Monroe Doctrine prohibited intervention in the Western Hemisphere by the Europeans, the United States was justified in preemptively intervening in order to forestall the actions of outsiders.
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| show | Roosevelt and the Dominican Republic mutually agreed to practice the Corollary in 1905, so the U.S. could install and protect a collector of customs, who would apply 55% of the Dominican Republic's revenues to debt payments it owed to U.S. companies.
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| What conflict tested the Open Door policy? | show 🗑
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| show | Japan believed that Russia threatened Japanese ambitions in China and Korea, so Japan devastated the Russian fleet on 2/8/1904, occupied Korea, and drove the Russians back into Manchuria.
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| How was an extended conflict avoided? | show 🗑
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| What was the Treaty of Portsmouth? | show 🗑
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| What was the Taft-Katsura Agreement of 7/29/1905? | show 🗑
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| What was the Root-Takahira Agreement? | show 🗑
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| What was the Gentlemen's Agreement? | show 🗑
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| How did President Theodore Roosevelt prevent a major war between Germany, France, and Britain? | show 🗑
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| show | The agreement signed in 1906, which affirmed the independence of Morocco with open door trade with a French-and-Spanish-controlled police force, and the U.S. had to maintain noninvolvement.
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| What was the significance of the peace conference at Algeciras? | show 🗑
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