Bacterial morphology, growth genetics, human flora, pathogenesis, antibiotics
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| What are the 3 types of phenotypic classification? | show 🗑
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| show | Biotyping identifies SPECIFIC BACTERIA by identifying BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS
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| show | Special Feature: Rapid identification
Identification Method: Detects unique surface antigens
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| show | Kirby Bauer Test
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| show | diameter/ measure zone of inhibition
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| show | A report of antibiotic susceptibilities of various bacteria
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| Which bacterial classification method is the most precise? | show 🗑
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| show | PCR- amplifies genes/DNA for sequencing and matching to a specific bacterium
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| What are the 6 classes of bacterial shapes? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of a coccus-shaped bacteria? | show 🗑
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| show | Rod
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| show | Short rod
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| show | Curved rod
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| What is the definition of a spirillum-shaped bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of a spirochete-shaped bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between Spirillum and Spirochete shapes? | show 🗑
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| show | Coccus
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| What are the 4 different morphological arrangements of bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of a bacteria with a diplo arrangement? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of a bacteria with a Strepto arrangement? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of a bacteria with a Staphylo arrangement? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of a bacteria with a Tetrad arrangement? | show 🗑
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| show | Lack of sterols/cholesterol in bacterial cell membranes
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| Which bacteria contain sterols/cholesterol in their cel membranes and are therefore similar to human cell membranes? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Regulate transport
2. Synthesize cell wall components
3. Attachment site for chromosomes during cell division
4. Secrete proteins
5. Site of Cellular Respiration and ATP production
6. Anchors flagella
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| What is the main structural component of bacterial cell walls? | show 🗑
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| show | Repeating NAG and NAM disaccharides
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| show | Transglycosylation
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| show | Transpeptidation
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| Why is the cell wall an antimicrobial target? | show 🗑
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| show | Crystal Violet (Purple/blue in color)
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| What is the Counterstain in a gram stain? | show 🗑
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| show | Blue/Purple... thick peptidoglycan layer of cell wall retains the Crytal Violet stain
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| show | Pink/Red...thin peptidoglycan layer of cell wall does not retain Crystal Violet stain, but retains Safranin stain
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| show | Periplasmic space, and outer membrane
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| What notable structure is found in the outer membrane of G- cells? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Lipid A
2. Core Polysaccharide
3. O Antigen
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| show | Lipid A is the virulence factor... elicits a toxic response from the immune system= it is the endotoxin
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| show | Links Lipid A to the O Antigen
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| What is the function of the O Antigen, a component of the LPS/Endotoxin of G- bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What causes the onset of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 or more of:
1. Temperature >38*C or <36*C
2. Tachycardia >100 bpm
3. Tachypnea >20 breaths/min
4. Leukocytosis >12,000/mm^3 or Leukopenia <4,000/mm^3
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| show | Cell lysis causes release of Lipid A/Endotoxin. Lots of Lipid A may induce SIRS, which can lead to Septic Shock or Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndroms (MODS)
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| What is the location and function of porins in G- cell envelopes? | show 🗑
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| What Cell Envelope component(s) is/are unique to G+ bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is the function/purpose of teichoic acid in the G+ cell wall? | show 🗑
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| show | They are anchored to the cell membrane
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| show | Shedding of the cell wall containing teichoic/lipoteichoic acids = virulence factors
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| Which antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall to inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis/transpeptidation? | show 🗑
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| What is the target of antibiotics such as Beta lactams (Penicillin and cephalosporins) and Vancomycin? | show 🗑
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| What are 4 antibiotics/classes of antibiotics that target the cell wall? | show 🗑
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| show | Lysozymes are lytic enzymes that degrade the glycan backbone/peptidoglycan of bacterial cell wall
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| show | Innate
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| Where are lysozomes found in humans? | show 🗑
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| show | Mycolic Acid layer (outermost layer)
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| show | Mycolic Acid creates a waxy coat, enabling the bacterial cell to resist desiccation, some antibiotics, and phagocytosis
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| show | Acid-Fast Bacteria
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| show | Red... retains primary stain of Carbol fuchsin
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| show | Blue...cell retains methylene blue counterstain
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| show | Outside the cell wall
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| show | G+ and G-
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| show | K antigen (*serotyping) *E. coli K12
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| What are 4 important functions of the glycocalyx? | show 🗑
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| What bacterial structural component is responsible for biofilm formation? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Slime layer
2. Capsule
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| What are the differentiating characteristics between the slime later glycocalyx and capsule glycocalyx? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Catheters
2. Teeth
3. Mucous membranes of GI Tract
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| What is the Quellung test used for? | show 🗑
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| ?Which 4 bacteria are known to have a capsule glycocalyx? | show 🗑
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| What is the source of the H antigen? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 different arrangements of flagella? | show 🗑
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| What is the meaning of peritrichous? | show 🗑
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| show | To adhere to other bacteria/host cells
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| show | Peritrichous
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| show | Attach and bring other bacterial cells close for DNA transfer
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| What 3 types of Pili are there? | show 🗑
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| show | 70S ribosomes *30S and 50S subunits (odd digits)
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| show | 80S ribosomes *40S and 60S subunits (even digits)
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| Which 2 antibiotics classes target the 70S ribosomes of bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What is a unique feature of bacterial nuclear/DNA-containing region? | show 🗑
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| What 2 benefits does lack of a nuclear membrane offer bacteria? | show 🗑
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| show | They are in a dormant, protective stage that is resistant to harsh environments (heat, disinfectants, acids, etc.)
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| ?What are 3 G+ bacterial genera that produce endospores? | show 🗑
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| What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth? | show 🗑
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| show | They have a short doubling time... they require only short-term treatment
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| show | They have a long doubling time... they require long-term treatment
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| show | 1. Acidophiles: pH <5.4
2. Neutralophiles: pH b/w 5.4-8.5*
3. Alkaliphiles: pH >8.5
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| show | Neutralophiles
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| show | 1. Psychrophiles: 15-20*C
2. Mesophiles: 25-40*C
3. Thermophiles: 50-60*C
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| show | Mesophiles
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| What is the definition of obligate? | show 🗑
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| What is the definition of facultative? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Obligate Aerobes
2. Obligate Anaerobes
3. Facultative Anaerobes
4. Microaerophiles
5. Aerotolerant Anaerobes
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| show | MUST have O2 present. *Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| What is the oxygen requirement of obligate anaerobes? | show 🗑
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| show | They can grow with or without O2. They prefer O2 = aerobic metabolism, but can use fermentation without O2. *E. coli
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| show | 1. Lactic Acid
2. H2 gas
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| What product of bacterial fermentation is responsible for dental caries? | show 🗑
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| show | H2 gas
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| show | Dental caries
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| show | Gangrene
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| show | Require small amounts of O2 *Treponema pallidum
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| What is the oxygen requirement of aerotolerant anaerobes? | show 🗑
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| show | It converts superoxide O2 to H2O2 = antioxidant = neutralizes O2 radicals
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| show | They decompose H2O2
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| What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack that make their exposure to oxygen lethal? | show 🗑
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| show | High salt.
*Vibrio cholerae
*S. aureus
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| What is the difference between Fastidious and Nonfastidious nutritional requirements in bacteria? | show 🗑
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| Clostridium- growth requirements | show 🗑
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| show |
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| E. coli- gram class, defining structural features, growth requirements | show 🗑
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| S. aureus- gram class, growth requirements | show 🗑
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| S. pyogenes- infection, defining structural feature | show 🗑
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| Antibiotic resistance is transferrable between bacteria via what structure? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Transformation
2. Conjugation
3. Transduction
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| What does the process of transformation entail? | show 🗑
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| show | Sex pilus brings two bacterial cells into contact, where DNA is exchanged b/w cells *plasmids or chromosome segments
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| What are the 3 ratings used to describe effects of acquiring new genes in bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What does the process of transduction entail? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 types of transduction? | show 🗑
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| show | A virulent phage (intent to kill) infects a bacterial cell, replicates, &bacterial DNA (fragments) is packaged into a newly-formed viral capsid rather than viral DNA=defective phage. The lytic cycle is induced from start & utilized to release new phages.
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| show | A temperate phage (stays dormant in cell until lytic cycle induced) infects a host bacterial cell, inserts viral DNA into chromosome = prophage. When lytic cycle is induced, bacterial DNA near viral DNA is packaged into a capsid.
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| What are the 4 parameters that regulate the type of bacteria in a flora population? | show 🗑
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| What are 4 benefits provided by normal bacterial flora? | show 🗑
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| Describe the concept of tissue tropism. | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Growth factors availability varies depending on habitat/tissue type
2. Receptor sites for microbe attachment vary depending on habitat/tissue type
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| What 2 conditions may cause normal flora to cause disease? | show 🗑
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| show | Converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Forms clots that prevents WBC access/phagocytosis
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| What genus is the coagulase test used to differentiate? | show 🗑
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| show | Staph aureus
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| What is the function of hemolysin? | show 🗑
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| What genus is the hemolysis test used to differentiate? | show 🗑
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| show | Strep pyogenes, and Strep agalactiae produce a white colony with a clear halo.
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| show | Strep mutans produce a gray/green colony with a partial halo.
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| What 2 structures in the skin are responsible for inhibiting most bacterial and fungi growth? | show 🗑
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| What are 3 bacterial genus/species that are resident flora of dry skin, and what is their gram-type? | show 🗑
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| What are the oxygen requirements, coagulase activity, and salt tolerance of the dry skin resident Staphylococcus epidermidis? | show 🗑
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| A Mannitol salt agar turns from red to yellow with the growth of a bacteria. What might the identity of the bacteria be? | show 🗑
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| show | Gram negative
1. E. coli
2. Acinetobacter sp.
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| What transient skin resident is commonly found in the nose? | show 🗑
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| show | Clostridium perfringens
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| show | Gram positive
1. Viridans Streptococci
2. Strep mutans
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| show | Strep mutans
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| What 5 bacteria are commonly found in the eye/conjunctiva, and what are their gram types? | show 🗑
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| What 2 types of bacteria are comon in the naso- and oropharynx of the upper respiratory tract, and what is their gram type? | show 🗑
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| What 6 G- bacteria are common in the upper respiratory tract, and what are their shapes? | show 🗑
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| Which structures in the body should be relatively sterile when healthy? | show 🗑
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| What two components of the GI tract help to control bacterial populations? | show 🗑
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| What are the two bacterial species common in the stomach, and what are their gram types? | show 🗑
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| show | Gram Positive
1. Lactobacillus sp.
2. Enterococcus faecalis
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| show | ANAEROBES
Gram positive:
1. Bifidobacterium sp. **breast fed infants
Gram negative:
2. Bacteroides sp. **Meat-lovers
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| What is the predominant microbe in the vagina during child-bearing years, and what is its gram type? | show 🗑
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| show | Gram Positive
Streptococcus agalactiae
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| What are the 4 points of Koch's Postulates? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Not all microorganisms grow well in labs/mediums
2. The disease may be a result of bacterial co-infection
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| show | Opportunistic pathogens can be a part of normal flora, & do not produce disease in their normal habitat. Also if the patient's defenses are down: trauma, defective immune system, preexisting condition.
Virulent pathogens are always associated with diseas
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| show | 1. Staph aureus (G+)
2. E. Coli (G-)
3. Candida albicans (acid fast)
4. Clostridium difficile (G+)
5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G-) *burn victims/cystic fibrotic lungs
6. Nocardia asteroides (G+) *lungs in immuno-compromised ppl
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| Name 2 examples of virulent bacteria and their gram type. | show 🗑
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| What are 4 mechanisms by which bacteria cause disease? | show 🗑
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| Streptococcus mutans uses which pathogenic mechanism to cause dental caries? | show 🗑
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| What are the 4 types of invasins used by pathogens to help their spread/growth? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 targets for adhesins of pathogens to bind? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 types of toxins utilized by pathogenic bacteria? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 important components of exotoxins and their functions? | show 🗑
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| Name 2 diseases caused by toxins. | show 🗑
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| What is a toxoid? | show 🗑
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| show | An active toxin that elicits an immune response and is deadly at very low concentrations
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| How does a membrane-active exotoxin function, and what are 3 examples? | show 🗑
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| show | Toxic Shock Syndrome- Staph aureus
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| What is an example of an endotoxin? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Encapsulation with poorly antigenic polysaccharide, deters phagocytosis
2. Intracellular growth to escape detection
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| show | 1. Incubation
2. Prodromal
3. Acute
4. Decline
5. Covalescent
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| show | Signs and Symptoms: None
Immune Response: Not Activation
Pathogen: dose must be infectious
Contagious: No
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| show | Signs and Symptoms: Early s&s begin, non-specific
Immune Response: Innate immune system activated
Pathogen: Numbers increased since incubation
Contagious: yes
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| Describe the signs and symptoms, immune system activity, pathogen, and whether the stage is contagious in the Acute stage. | show 🗑
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| Describe the signs and symptoms, immune system activity, pathogen, and whether the stage is contagious in the Decline stage. | show 🗑
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| show | Signs and Symptoms: None
Immune System: Not active toward pathogen
Pathogen: Cleared from host
Contagious: No... no pathogen present
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| What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics? | show 🗑
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| show | Immunocompromised
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| What is one major difference between eukaryotes and prokarytoes that allow for selective toxicity? | show 🗑
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| show | Cholesterol in human cell membranes, and ergosterol in fungal cell membranes have very similar structures.
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| What are 7 important properties in an effective antibiotic? | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 classes of antibiotics, separated according to their target? | show 🗑
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| show | They interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis *G+ and G-. *Bactericidal
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| show | Beta lactams
Vancomycin
Cycloserine
Bacitracin
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| show | Beta lactamase
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| show | 1. Clavulanic acid (given with amoxicillin or ticarcillin)
2. Sulbactam (given with ampicillin)
3. Tazobactam (Piperacillin)
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| What is the relationship between gram activity and cephalosporin generation? | show 🗑
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| Which Cephalosporin generations are able to cross the BBB? | show 🗑
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| Which cephalosporin generations have an increased resistance to beta lactamase? | show 🗑
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| What antibiotic functions by disrupting the cell membrane? | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of action of cell membrane disrupters/polymyxins? | show 🗑
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| Why are cell membrane disrupters/ polymyxins only used on localized, external infections? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Aminoglycosides
2. Tetracyclines
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| show | Bactericidal
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| show | Bacteriostatic
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| What is a major contraindication of tetracycline? | show 🗑
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| What two classes of antibiotics target the 50S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis? | show 🗑
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| What two classes of antibiotics functions by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis? | show 🗑
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| show | Inhibits transcription via inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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| show | Inhibit DNA gyrase
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| What two classes of antibiotics function by inhibiting folic acid synthesis that is necessary for nucleic acids (aka antimetabolites)? | show 🗑
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| What is the reasoning behind Sulfonamide's mechanism of action as an antimetabolite? | show 🗑
|
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| Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal? | show 🗑
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| show | It is an analog of dihydrofolic acid, needed for folic acid synthesis
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| show | 1. Random mutations in DNA allow resistance development = Chromosomal resistance
2. Acquisition of chromosomal/extrachromosomal DNA by transferring plasmids/genes (R factors)
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| show | R Factor
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| show | 1. Bacteria alter the drug targets (Ribosomes, etc.) = drug can't bind
2. Bacteria alter their membrane permeability or transport drug out of cell
3. Bacteria synthesize enzymes that inactivate antibiotic
4. Bacteria alter their metabolic pathway
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| What are 3 examples of antibiotics that are ineffective due to bacterial alteration of the drug target? | show 🗑
|
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| What are 2 examples of antibiotics that are ineffective due to bacterial alteration of membrane permeability or increased drug transport? | show 🗑
|
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| show | 1. Biofilm
2. Efflux pumps
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|
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| show | 1. Beta lactams (by beta lactamases)
2. Chloramphenicol
3. Aminoglycosides
4. Tetracycline
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|
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| What are 2 examples of antibiotics that are ineffective due to bacterial alteration of metabolic pathways? | show 🗑
|
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| What 3 bacterial species are resistant to all known antibiotics? | show 🗑
|
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| What 5 secondary factors are contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the 2 fundamental characteristics of viruses? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Lytic viruses aim to replicate rapidly at the expense of the host cell while non-lytic viruses remain dormant in the host cell (= prophage), causing no harm to the host until environmental conditions induce lytic stage.
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| show | 1. Latent
2. Chronic
3. Transforming
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|
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| show | Times of acute virus production, mixed with an almost total absence of viral particles.
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|
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| show | Herpes Simplex Virus
🗑
|
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| Describe the process of a chronic viral infection. | show 🗑
|
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| What is an example of a virus that exhibits chronic infection? | show 🗑
|
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| Describe the process of a transforming viral infection. | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is an example of a virus that exhibits a transforming infection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Nausea, WATERY diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, malaise, anorexia, myalgia, and headache
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|
||||
| show | Acute, watery diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hospital wards, daycare centers, nursing homes, immunosuppressed individuals, travelers, military
🗑
|
||||
| show | Enzyme immunoassay to detect antigens. *Rotavirus
Latex agglutination screen
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for gastroenteritis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the source/epidemiology of Noroviruses? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a preventative method used against Rotaviruses? | show 🗑
|
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| show | No
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|
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| What 2 viruses are a common cause of endemic severe diarrhea in infants? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pattern is predictable; outbreaks are common in winter
🗑
|
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| What formerly used Rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn from the US due to increased risk of intestinal intussusception? | show 🗑
|
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| show | 5-7 days
🗑
|
||||
| What is the length of symptoms seen with Adenovirus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are a few potentially distinguishing features between Rotavirus and Adenovirus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Caliciviruses/Noroviruses
🗑
|
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| show | Associated with food/shellfish
🗑
|
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| show | Mild, self-limited, 24-48 hours
🗑
|
||||
| How is Norovirus spread during outbreaks? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Acute, massive, watery diarrhea. "Rice water" stools
🗑
|
||||
| show | Vibrio cholerae
🗑
|
||||
| What are the most worrisome side effects associated with cholera infection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Vibrio cholerae
🗑
|
||||
| show | G-, bent rod shape, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe, motile via polar flagellum
🗑
|
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| show | O-1
🗑
|
||||
| What is a newer Cholerae serogroup (O-antigen) that can cause cholera even after O-1 exposure? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for cholera? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the common method for spreading cholera infection? | show 🗑
|
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| What is the primary mechanism for cholera prevention? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What Vibrio species is a common cause of seasonal, food-borne illness in Japan? | show 🗑
|
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| What Vibrio species is commonly associated with oysters (via ingestion or wound contact) | show 🗑
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| An alcoholic (patient debilitation) presents with bullous skin lesions, shock, and history of oyster consumption suspect of what causative organism? | show 🗑
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| Describe the disease process of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli. (ETEC) | show 🗑
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| show | Enterotoxigenic E. Coli (ETEC) T is for Travel
🗑
|
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| show | Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
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|
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| Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome is a potentially fatal result of infection by what organism? | show 🗑
|
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| Which EHEC serotype cannot ferment sorbitol, and hence grows as while colonies on MacConkey's agar? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Shiga-like toxin
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|
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| What infectious organism is associated with beef and raw milk? | show 🗑
|
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| What newly recognized strain of Enteroaggregative E. coli expresses Shiga toxin and is associated with alfalfa sprouts? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the gram type, shape, motility allowance, oxygen requirements, and growth temperature of Campylobacter jejuni? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Campylobacter jejuni
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|
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| What is the common reservoir of Campylobacter jejuni? | show 🗑
|
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| What pathogen is known for transmission via undercooked chicken/poultry? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Campylobacter jejuni
🗑
|
||||
| show | None- it is self limiting
🗑
|
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| show | Helicobacter pylori
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|
||||
| show | G-, curved rod, highly motile
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|
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| show | H. pylori
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|
||||
| What human structure is the target of H. pylori | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | H. pylori
🗑
|
||||
| What is the virulence factor of H. pylori? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Biopsy sample
2. Culture
3. CLO test to detect urease activity
🗑
|
||||
| show | Tetracycline/antibiotics plus bismuth-containing drugs (Pepto-Bismol)
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Control fecal excretion
2. Proper food handling/washing
3. Educate travelers on boiling/peeling/cooking water/food.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Shigella
🗑
|
||||
| What is the gram type, oxygen requirements, motility of Shigella? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What biotype result distinguishes Shigella from other E. coli? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. EHEC
2. Shigella
🗑
|
||||
| show | Fluid replacement
🗑
|
||||
| What are 2 potential complications of Shigella? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | O157:H7 and Shigella. Both produce Shiga toxin, which is potentially deadly and may cause dysentery
🗑
|
||||
| Which two Shigella species are most common in the U.S.? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Group A (S. dysenteriae) is the most sever, group D (S. sonnei) is the least severe
🗑
|
||||
| show | G-, facultative anaerobe, motile
🗑
|
||||
| What diagnostic methods are used to identify Salmonella? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which two bacterial species are known not to ferment lactose? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Supportive- fluid and electrolyte maintenance
🗑
|
||||
| What are the primary reservoirs of Salmonella? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Salmonella is a high dose microbe
🗑
|
||||
| What is an explanation for increasing Salmonella infection? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Clostridium difficile
🗑
|
||||
| show | Antibiotic use
🗑
|
||||
| show | G+, rod-shaped, anaerobic **Forms spores
🗑
|
||||
| show | EIA and latex agglutination to detect toxin in feces
Gram stain of stool
Culture
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for pseudomembranous colitis by C. difficile? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are preventative methods for C. difficile? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the gram type, motility, and dose and oxygen requirements of Clostridium perfringens? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the suspected causative organism that causes moderate-severe diarrhea with complete recovery in one day - FAST course of disease? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Contaminated meat and poultry; Cooking meat does not destroy spores
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for C. perfringens? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the gram type, shape, oxygen requirements, motility, and spore status of Bacillus cereus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the two possible clinical manifestations associated with B. cereus? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What source is a common finding of B. cereus spores? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Relieve symptoms
🗑
|
||||
| What is a preventative method for B. cereus transmission? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What organism causes disease by consumption of heat stable, preformed toxins in food? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Staphylococcus
🗑
|
||||
| What is the virulence factor of Staph? | show 🗑
|
||||
| A person who ate custard-filled baked goods, canned goods, processed meats, or potato salad is at risk for infection by what organism? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment for GI infection of Staph? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Staphylococcus, B. cereus, C. perfringens = ANTIBIOTICS NOT USEFUL
🗑
|
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