TEX Immune Review
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| which cells are involved in innate immunity | natural killer cells, neutrophils, macrophages
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| what is the first line of defense in innate immunity | mechanical and chemical barriers
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| 15% of lymphocyte cells are | natural killer cells
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| what is the most numerous type of phagocyte | neutrophil
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| what type of phagocytic monocyte migrates out of the bloodstream | macrophage
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| B cells and T cells are | Lymphocytes
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| cell-mediated immunity involes | T Cells
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| Sublets of T cells that diagnose Aids | CD4 and CD8
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| Describe an antibody's structure. | 2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains
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| what is titer | the amount of antibodies in a person's blood in response to a pathogen
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| the most abundant circulating antibody | IgG
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| what are the specific cells that secrete antibodies | plasma
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| The immune system | protects against assaults on the body
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| External assaults | microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoans
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| Internal assaults | abnormal cells reproduce and form tumors that may become cancerous and spread
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| Self markers | —molecules on the surface of human cells that are unique to an individual
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| Non–self markers | —molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells or particles and identify the particle as “non–self” to the immune system
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| Self-tolerance | —the ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells
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| Two major categories of immune mechanisms | —innate immunity and adaptive immunity
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| Innate immunity | provides a general, nonspecific defense against anything that is not “self
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| Adaptive immunity | acts as a specific defense against specific threatening agents
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| Primary cells for innate immunity | —epithelial barrier cells, phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), and natural killer cells; chemicals used in innate immunity—complement and interferon
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| Primary types of cells for adaptive immunity | lymphocytes called T cells and B cells
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| Cytokines | —any of several kinds of chemicals released by cells to promote innate and adaptive immune responses (examples: interleukin, interferon, leukotriene)
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| Species resistance | —genetic characteristics of an organism or species defends against pathogens
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| Mechanical and chemical barriers | our first line of defense
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| mucous membranes | The internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier formed by skin and
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| Lines of defense. three layers of protection. | 1.barriers between the internal and external environment 2.involves the innate inflammatory response (including phagocytosis) 3. includes the adaptive immune responses and the innate defense offered by NK cells.
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| second line of defense | inflamation
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| Inflammatory response | —tissue damage elicits responses to counteract injury
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| Inflammation mediators | include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and related compounds
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| Chemotactic factors | substances that attract white blood cells to the area of infection in a process called chemotaxis
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| Signs of inflammation | —heat, redness, pain, and swelling
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| Systemic inflammation | —occurs from a body-wide inflammatory response
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| Phagocytosis | —ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles by phagocytes
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| Diapedesis | — process by which immune cells (neutrophils) squeeze themselves through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury/infection
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| Opsonization | —mark foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes
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| Chemotaxis | —chemical attraction of cells to the source of the chemical attractant
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| Neutrophil | —most numerous type of phagocyte; usually first to arrive at site of injury; migrates out of bloodstream; kills bacteria; forms pus
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| Macrophages | Phagocytic monocytes grow larger after migrating from bloodstream
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| Dendritic cell | —type of macrophage with long branches or extensions. Examples are histiocytes in connective tissue, microglia in nervous system, and Kupffer cells
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| Natural killer cells | —lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
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| Method of killing cells | —lysing cells by damaging plasma membranes
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| Interferon (INF) | —lysing cells by damaging plasma membranes
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| Complement | —group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses
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| Opsonization | —mark foreign cells for destruction by phagocytes
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| Two classes of lymphocytes | B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
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| cluster designation (CD) | surface markers that the cells carry, for example, CD4 and CD8 cells
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| Lymphocytes flow through the bloodstream, become distributed in tissues, and return to the bloodstream in a ______ | continuous recirculation
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| B-cell mechanisms | —antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity); produce antibodies that attack pathogens
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| T cells attack | attack pathogens more directly—classified as cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)
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| Activation of lymphocytes requires two stimuli: | 1.a specific antigen 2.activating chemicals
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| Lymphocytes are densest where | where they develop — in bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen
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| B cells develop in two stages: | 1.Pre-B cells develop by a few months of age 2.occurs in lymph nodes and spleen—activation of B cell after it binds a specific antigen
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| B cells serve as | ancestors to antibody-secreting plasma cells
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| Antibodies | —proteins (immunoglobulins) secreted by activated B cell
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| An antibody molecule consists of | two heavy and two light polypeptide chains; each molecule has two antigen-binding sites and two complement-binding sites
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| Five classes of antibodies | M, G, A, E, and D
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| IgM | —it is the predominant class produced after initial contact with an antigen
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| IgG | makes up 75% of antibodies in the blood; predominant antibody of the secondary antibody response
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| IgA | —major class of antibody in the mucous membranes of respiratory and GI systems and in saliva and tears
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| IgE | —small amount; produces harmful effects such as allergies
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| IgD | —small amount in blood; precise function unknown
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| Antibodies resist disease first by | recognizing foreign or abnormal substances
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| Epitopes bind to an antibody sites | antigen-binding sites
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| Complement | —a component of blood plasma consisting of several protein compounds
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| Complement kills foreign cells by | cytolysis or apoptosis
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| Complement causes | vasodilation, enhances phagocytosis, and other functions
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| Primary response | initial encounter with a specific antigen triggers the formation and release of specific antibodies that reaches its peak in a few days
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| Secondary response | —a later encounter with the same antigen triggers a much quicker response; B memory cells rapidly divide, producing more plasma cells and thus more antibodies
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| Clonal selection theory | The body contains many diverse clones of cells, each committed by its genes to synthesize a different antibody
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| Pre-T cells develop into | thymocytes while in thymus
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| A T cell is activated when | an antigen binds to its receptors, causing it to divide repeatedly to form a clone of identical T cells
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| Effector T cells | go to site where antigen entered, bind to antigens, and begin their attack
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| Cytotoxic T cells | —T cells release lymphotoxin to kill cells
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| Helper T cells (TH cells) | —regulate the function of B cells, T cells, phagocytes, and other leukocytes
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| Suppressor T cells | —regulatory T cells that suppress lymphocyte function, thus regulating immunity and promoting self-tolerance
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| Innate immunity (inborn or inherited immunity) | —genetic mechanisms put innate immune mechanisms in place during development in the womb
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| Adaptive or acquired immunity | resistance developed after birth; two types: natural and artificial
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| Natural immunity | results from nondeliberate exposure to antigens
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| Artificial immunity | results from deliberate exposure to antigens, called immunization
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| Active immunity | —when the immune system responds to a harmful agent regardless of whether it was natural or artificial; lasts longer than passive
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| Passive immunity | —developed when immunity from another individual is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune; it is temporary but provides immediate protection
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| Immune system regulated to some degree by | the nervous and endocrine systems
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| Agents of the immune system | include blood cells, skin cells, mucosal cells, brain cells, liver cells, and other types of cells and their secretions
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