BIO201 - Ch 9 - Muscles & Muscle Tissue - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Muscle tissue makes up nearly __ of body mass. | Nearly half
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| What is the most distinguishing functional characteristic of muscles? | Ability to change ATP into directed mechanical energy.
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| There are __ types of muscle tissue. Name them. | 3 - Skeletal, cardiac, & smooth.
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| Origin | End of a muscle attached to bone - doesn't move much.
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| Insertion | Other side of muscle attached to bone that moves most.
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| Synergistically | Working together.
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| Antagonistically | Works in opposition.
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| Actin | Globular protein that can contract.
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| Myosin | Protein with two heads & a tail.
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| Skeletal & smooth muscle cells - not cardiac - are elongated & called __. | Muscle Fibers.
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| Muscle contraction depends on two kinds of __. | Myofilaments
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| Meaning of prvixes "myo" or "mys". | "Muscle"
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| Meaning of prefix "sarco" | "flesh" in relation to muscles.
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| Sarcolemma | Plasma membrane of muscle fibers.
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| Sarcoplasm | Muscle fiber cytoplasm
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| Organs that attach to & cover bony skeleton. | Skeletal muscles.
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| Longest muscle cells. | Skeletal muscle fibers.
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| 3 keywords regarding skeletal muscle tissue? | Skeletal, striated, & voluntary.
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| Which muscle can contract rapidly, but tires easily? | Skeletal muscle - must relax.
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| Keywords to remember for cardiac muscle. | Cardiac, striated, involuntary.
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| What usually sets the steady rate of heart beats? | Heart's pacemaker.
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| What allows heart to "shift into high gear" briefly? | Neural controls
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| What is the role of smooth muscle tissue? | Force fluids & etc through body channels.
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| Keywords for smooth muscles? | Visceral, nonstriated, & involuntary.
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| What muscle tissue have slow & sustained contractions? | Smooth muscle tissue.
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| 5 functional characteristics of muscle tissue. | Excitability, responsiveness, contractility, extensibility & elasticity.
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| Excitability/responsiveness refers to? | Ability to receive & respond to a stimulus.
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| Give an example of excitability. | Contraction as a result of receiving an electrical impulse from a nerve cell.
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| Which function characteristic sets muscle apart from all other tissue types? | Contractility - ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated.
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| Define "extensibility". | The ability to be stretched or extended.
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| 4 important functions performed by muscles. | Movement, maintains posture, stabilized joints, & generates heat.
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| When do muscles generate heat? | As they contract.
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| How do smooth muscles protect organs? | They form valves to regulate substance passage.
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| How do skeletal muscles protect organs? | By enclosure.
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| List the 6 levels of organization of skeletal muscles. | Myofilament=>sarcomere=>myofibril=>muscle fiber (cell)=>fascicle=>muscle
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| Each skeletal muscle is a descrete __. | Organ
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| In general, each muscle is served by __. | 1 nerve, 1 artery, 1 or more veins that enter/exit near center & branch out.
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| Each skeletal muscle fiber is supplied with a __. | Nerve ending that controls its activity.
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| Individual muscle fibers are wrapped & held together by several different __. | Connective tissue sheaths.
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| What prevents bulging muscles from bursting during exceptionally strong contractions? | Strong connective tissue sheaths.
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| Endomysium surrounds what? | Each muscle fiber.
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| What is endomysium comprised of? | Areolar & reticular fibers.
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| Endomysium-wrapped muscle fibers are grouped into __. | Fascicles.
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| What fibrous CT surrounds each fascicle? | Perimysium.
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| Epimysium surrounds the __. | Whole muscle.
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| Epimysium is? | A dense "overcoat" of dense, irregular CT surrounding whole muscle.
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| Epimysium sometimes blends with what? | Deep fascia between muscles or superficial fascia deep to the skin.
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| When muscle fibers contract, they pull on __ which transmits pulling force to the bone to be moved. | Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle.
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| What are the "series elastic components?" | Connective tissue sheaths because they contribute to the natural elasticity of muscle tissue.
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| The thick myofilaments contain __. | Bundled myosin molecules.
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| The thin filaments contain __. | Actin molecules.
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| What maintains the organization of the A band & provides for elastic recoil? | Elastic filaments.
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| Which molecule of the myofilament has "heads"? | Myosin molecule.
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| What is a segment of a myofibril called? | A sarcomere - section between 2 Z-lines - functional unit.
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| What is the contractile unit of a muscle? | The sarcomere - made of myofilaments of contractile proteins.
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| A myofibril or "fibril" is composed of ? | Myofibrils that are composed of sarcomeres arranged end-to-end.
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| Complex organelle composed of myofilament bundles. | Myofibril or fibril.
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| A muscle cell is also called a __. | Muscle fiber.
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| A muscle cell is surrounded by __. | Endomysium.
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| A discrete bundle of muscle cells surrounded by perimysium. | A fascile.
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| Consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells. | A muscle.
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| In limb muscle, the origin typically lies __ to the insertion. | Proximal
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| Muscle attachments may be __ or __. | Direct or indirect.
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| In direct or flashy attachments __. | The muscle epimysium is fused to the periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage.
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| In indirect attachments __. | CT of msucle tissue wrappings extends as tendons or sheet-like aponeurosis.
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| Tendons or aponeurosis anchor muscle to __. | CT covering bone or cartilage or fascia of other muscles.
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| Which type of muscle attachment is more common & why? | Indirect attachments - because of their durability & small size.
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| Tendons conserve __. | Space
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| Compared to other cells, the diameter of a muscle cell is __ larger. | 10 times
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| Each muscle cell is produced by the fusion of __. | Hundreds of embryonic cells.
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| The sarcoplasm of muscle fiber contains unusual amounts of __. | Glycosomes (stored glycogen) & myoglobin.
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| Myoglobin | Red pigment that stores oxygen.
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| Each muscle fiber contains 100-1000's of rod-like __. | Myofibrils
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| Myofibrils account for about __% of cellular volume. | 80%
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| Striations are a repeating series of __. | Dark A bands & light I bands.
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| H Zone | Helle - "bright" zone - lighter stripe in middle of A band.
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| M Line | "Middle" line - a dark line that bisects H zone.
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| Z line or Z disc | Midline interruption of I band.
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| The functional units of skeletal muscles. | Sarcomeres.
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| __ filaments extend whole length of A band. | Thick
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| __ filaments extend across the I band & part of A band. | Thin
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| The banding pattern of myofibril arises from __. | Orderly arrangement of myofilaments.
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| The Z disc is composed largely of __. | The protein alpha actinin.
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| __ filaments connect each myofibril to the next. | Intermediate (desmin) filaments at Z disc.
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| The H zone of A band appear less dense why? | Because the thin filaments do not extend in to this region.
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| The M line in center of H zone is darker why? | Presence of fine protein strands that hold thick filaments together.
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| Myofilaments are connected to sarcolemma at __ & the __. | Z discs & M lines.
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| Each thick filament is surrounded by __. | 6 thin filaments.
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| Each thin filament is enclosed by __. | Three thick filaments.
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| Each mysoin molecule has __. | Rod-like tail & 2 globular heads.
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| Each myosin tail consists of __. | Two interwoven helical polypeptide chains.
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| The globular heads of myosin link __. | Thick & thin filaments together - crossbridges.
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| During contraction, globular heads __ around their point of attachment. | Swivel.
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| Cross bridges act as __ to generate tension. | Motors
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| Each thick filament contains about __ myosin molecules. | About 300
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| What coils around the helix actin strands & reinforces them? | Tropmyosin Molecules
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| The heads of myosin contain __ enzymes. | ATPase - they split ATP to generate energy.
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| In the string of pearls design of actin, __ are the pearls and __ is the string. | Globular (G) actin, Fibrous (F) actin.
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| What protien in actin core blocks myosin binding sites? | Tropomyosin
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| __ is a 3-polypeptide complex involved in myosin-actin contraction interactions. | Troponin
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| The elastic filament is made of the protein __. | Titin
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| Which filament holds the thick filament in place & assists muscle cell to spring back into shape? | Elastic filament.
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| Sliding filament model | Thin slides past thick & overlap - myosin filaments slide & pull actin towards the center of sacromere.
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| 3 Metabolic pathways for muscles. | (1) Dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate,(2) glycolysis, (3) aerobic respiration.
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) | Surrounds muscle cell's myofibrils - takes up & releases calcium ions - smooth ER.
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| T tubules | Tube-like extensions of muscle cell's plasma membrane where neural signals are received.
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| T tubules occur where? | At each A band-I band junction.
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| What giant protein stiffens as it uncoils & helps the muscle to resist excessive stretching? | Titin
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| What keeps the sarcomeres from being pulled apart? | The giant protein titin.
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| What protein links the thin filaments to the integral proteins of the sarcolemma? | Dystrophin
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| Skeletal muscle cells contain which 2 sets of intracellular tubules? | The sarcoplasmic reticulum & T tubules.
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| The perpendicular cross channels of the SR are __. | Terminal cisternae ("End sacs").
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| The major role of the SR is to __. | Regulate intracellular levels of ionic calcium.
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| What are the triads? | Structure formed by a T tubule w/a SR cisterna on either side. They form the excitation-contraction coupling.
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| Name the triads | Terminal cisterna, T tubule, Terminal cisterna
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| Muscle contraction is ultimately controlled by? | Nerve-initiated electrical impulses that travel along the sarcolemma.
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| T tubules are continuations of the __. | Sarcolemma
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| T tubules conduct impulses to the __ & to every __. | Deepest regions of muscle cells/ every sarcomere.
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| T tubules ensure that every myofibril __ at the same time. | Contracts
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| What is known as the "double zipper" of integral proteins that protrude into the intermembrane spaces of T tubule? | DHP receptors
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| DHP receptors act as __. | Voltage sensors.
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| The "foot proteins" of the SR do what? | Form channels so Ca 2+ can be released from SR cisternae.
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| Contraction refers to __. | Activation of myosin's cross bridges.
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| Shortening occurs when __ generated by cross bridges exceeds the __. | Tension/forces opposing shortening.
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| In relaxed muscle fiber, thin-thick overlap is minimal & occurs __. | Only at ends of A band.
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| When muscle fibers are stimulated, __ latch on to __ & the sliding begins. | Myosin heads/myosin binding sites on actin.
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| During contraction, Z discs are pulled __ thick filaments. | Toward
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| Which zone disappears during contraction? | H zone
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| Which bands do not change their length during contraction? | A bands - only move closer together.
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| Which structure contains highest Ca 2+ in resting muscle cell? | SR - it is a Ca storage depot.
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| To contract, an action potential must propagate along a muscle cell's __. | Sarcolemma - causes rise in Ca ion levels.
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| Somatic motor neurons activate __. | Skeletal muscle cells.
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| Ending of motor neuron axon forms curling branches w/muscle fiber & is called __ | Neuromuscular junction
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| As a rule, each muscle has only one __ located midway along the fiber's length. | Neuromuscular junction - only one.
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| The __ is teh space separating the axon terminal & muscle fiber. | Synaptic cleft.
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| __ are small sacs at axon terminals that contain acetylcholine. | Synaptic vesicles.
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| The __ or junctional folds in the sarcolemma help form neuromuscular junctions & provide large surface area for ACh receptors. | Motor end plate
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| ACh receptors are located where? | At themotor end plate/junctional folds.
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| What happens when impulse reaches end of axon? | Voltage-gated calcium channels open.
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| What does the presence of CA inside axon terminal cause? | Release of ACh into synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
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| ACh diffuse across synaptic cleft & attaches to ACh receptors on the __. | Sarcolemma, where the receptors are.
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| What prevents continued muscle contraction in absence of nervous sys. stimulation? | Destruction of ACh by acetylocholinesterase enzyme.
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| What is destroyed by the autoimmune disease, myasthenia gravis? | ACh receptors - muscle weakness.
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| T tubules are inward __ of the sarcolemma. | Invaginations
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| Binding of ACh molecules to ACh receptors at motor end plate opens __ & allows __ & __ to pass. | Chemically (ligand) gated ion channes. - Both Na+ & K+
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| Depolarization | When interior of sarcolemma becomes slightly less negative as Na+ & K+ diffuse out.
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| End plate potential | Local depolarization
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| 3 Steps of action potential across sarcolemma | (1) Depolarization & gates open, Na+ enters (AP gen.), (2) Propagation of AP along sarcolemma, (3) repolarization as Na+ channels close & K+ open.
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| Cells cannt be stimulated again until __ is complete. | Repolarization
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| During repolarization, muscle fiber is said to be in __. | Refractory period.
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