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| 2 choices of Scottish tenant farmers | -move to industrialized cities
-move to BNA
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| How Lord Selkirk proposed to solve crisis within HBC group & problems associated with crofters (/2) | -using his fortune to create agricultural colonies for displaced crofters.
-1810: established settlements in Upper Canada + Maritimes
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| Red River Valley modern day location | North Dakota, South Manitoba
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| 2 policies of Miles Macdonnell to protect new colonists entering Red River area | -Pemmican Proclamation
-ordering NWC employees to vacate their posts in Red River Balley within 6 months.
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| Main events that led up to Battle of 7 Oaks (/5) | 1. 1816: group of Metis + Grant raided HBC boat brigade on Assiniboine River
2. They seized a lot of pemmican
3. A month later, Grant + group of Metis arrived at RRC.
4. SEMPLE + 28 of his men rode to Metis.
5. Semple + 20 men, exc. 1 Metis killed
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| Important Leaders: NWC/Metis (/3) | Duncan Cameron, Cuthbert Grant, Louis Riel
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| Important Leaders: HBC/ Selkirk Settlers | -Miles Macdonnell, Colin Robertson, Robert Semple (SS)
- Lord Selkirk, John Schultz, William McDougall, Thomas Scott, John A. Macdonald
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| Revisionism | passing of time can sometimes revise, the meaning of events, or change someone's reputation for better or worse
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| Rupert's Land | area around Hudson's Bay named after cousin of King Charles II of England
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| Pieces | 40kg bale
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| Factors | local bosses of HBC for fur trade
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| Montrealers | group of English merchants from Montreal who seized NWC
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| Hivernants | individuals who stayed in country and shared in profits of NWC
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| Bullishness | relaxed trading practices of NWC, inclding the selling of alcohol to natives + optimism in $ matters
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| Portage | moving boats from body of water to another
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| Headhunter | person who looks for skilled employees on behalf of a company HBC used this as a currency in the fur trade
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| Canot du nord (used by who, length, capacity, paddled by, material) | small boats that the NWC used in the Northwest. They were about 7m long, could carry 1500kg of cargo, and were paddled by 6 people. East Coast= birch, West Coast= Cedar. Canots du Nord were used in small rivers.
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| canot du maitre | canoes used by the NWC for the journey from Fort William to Montreal (used on large rivers)
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| drainage baisin | land drained by rivers
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| York boats (material, used by who, length, capacities, where used) | -a double ended boat made of wood, by HBC
-13 meters long, could be sailed or paddles
-First ones 3000 kg, newer ones 6000 kg
-Lake Superior
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| middle man | acts as dealer between two parties who want to exchange goods
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| Bois rule/ literal meaning | -what people of French-Native ancestry used to call themselves.
-burnt wood
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| HBC Bullishness allowed NWC to | stretch its networks as far west as BC, as far north as Great Slave Lake
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| Seigneurial pattern | long-lot patterns used in New France
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| Pemmican | mix of dried meat, fat, lard and/or berries
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| Who encouraged fur traders to marry natives? Why? | NWC, because they thought it would help ensure trading loyalty
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| Who forbade its employees to marry natives? Why? What did it try to issue? Was it successful? | HBC, because they were concerned about supporting too many descendants, tried to issue a celibacy policy (unsuccessful)
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| Why Metis Bison hunts were strict? What was one example of punishment | helped prevent conflict, death, injury ... Destruction of property
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| indirect trade | When you intend on buying something from somebody, but you have to go through someone else, causing more money to be spent
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| direct trade | trade with one person
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| 1821 | HBC + NWC merged Both companies were struggling financially, there were lawsuits over the Red River Colony, and neither company could survive full-scale operations.
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| Shares of HBC | 45%
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| Shares of NWC | 55%
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| Who's trade route was more efficient and why? | HBC because it provided ships and easier transportation
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| Who was George Simpson? What was he known as? Why? | He was the new head of the HBC, and was a Scottish sugar broker. He was known as the Little Emperor due to his small stature and autocratic manner
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| Why free trade of 1849 was victory for Metis? | HBC monopoly had been broken despite the judge's hostality (Adam Thom)
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| Adam Thom | Judge presiding over 4 Metis men charged with illegal trading. He was hostile towards French speaking Metis.
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| Bannock | type of flatbread
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| Who was George Simpson's wife? What age was she when he married her? | Frances Simpson, 18
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| Why wasn't G. Simpson well liked in Red River area? | racist, unmerciful, autocratic, many Metis relatives but refused to communicate with them
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| What does Frances Simpson announce? | She wouldn't communicate with Metis relatives of HBC employees
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| What happened as a result of the Simpsons' attitudes toward society? (RRC) | Isolated from the community
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| "Warden of the Plains" | looks after bison hunt
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| These three people/ groups were problems (Hint: merger) | Cuthbert Grant, Robert Semple, White Settlers the problem
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| Why were the R. River Carts unique? | made of wood only- NOTHING ELSE!
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| 6 things that increased tension in Red River area | crop failure, protestants, economic problems, bison disappearing, cash strapped HBC lost interest in area, Schultz championed Canadian interests, addt'ly; Metis never made legal claim to their land
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| Why HBC wanted to relinquish control over Rupert's land | -difficult to control vast territory
-more settlers moving into Northwest
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| When did the Canadian government receive control of Rupert's land? Who did they need? How did this result in a rebellion? | November 1869, needed Louis Riel, the Metis weren't informed of this event + Canadian government & HBC planning on selling land
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| Was Riel's provisional government lega? Two reccomendations of this? | It was illegal, creation of Manitoba, Metis List of Rights
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| Riel seized Schultz and who else? Why? | 48 of his followers, they had plotted to free prisoners
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| Who executed Thomas Scott and why? | Louis Riel/ his provisional government, because he was being rude to the prison guards and threatened to kill Riel
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| Metis National Committee (MNC) | Committee formed by Riel and other Metis to represent Metis interests
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| Dr. John Schultz (/3) | -one of first immigrants in 1860
-didn't complete medical degree, interested in business
-took over NorWester
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| What did the Metis list of rights do? Was in Canadian or American? When were they adopted? | Canadian document, Canadian, December 1, 1869
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| Entered Confederation on May 2, 1780 + 2 concessions created for Metis | Manitoba
-Metis List of Rights (Manitoba Act), 1.4 million acres of land
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| What happened to Louis Riel and members of provisional government? | Louis tried to flee the Winnipeg area because he was afraid of being killed. The other members who remained in the area were given amnesty, whereas Riel wasn't.
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| First 5 provinces to join Canada | Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba
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| Result of Rupert's Land being transfered to government | Received title to Rupert's Land (from Northwest Territories), Canada doubled in size, HBC received 1.5 million $/ 2.8 million acres of land
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| Who purchased Alaska from who and when? | The US purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867
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| Manifest Destiny (/3) | (annexation manifesto) believed that is was the US’ destiny to control all of North America. It was published after rioting. It was plan for the US to take over Canada
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| BNA Act | caused Canada to become dominion
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| Fort Garry (seized by/why, what/when was created here, company, who imprisoned here) | -Fort Garry Seized by Riel
-Metis List of Rights(Dec.1, 1869)
-HBC trading fort
-seized by Riel due to firearms
-Scott and Schultz imprisoned here
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| Orange Order | violent movement/ group of people who hated French and Catholics
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| Manitoba Act (/4) | 1.4 million acres of land for Metis, Catholic + Protestant education, ensured rights of Metis, made French and English official languages of province
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| Land Scrip | certificates from Land Office granting people private ownership of certain portions of public lands,to Métis families by special warrant called "scrip."
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| Thomas Scott | Ontario Orangeman, member of the Canadian part, was executed by Riel’s provisional government/Metis
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| Colonel Garnet Wolseley | "Modern Major General", helped dispatch 1200 + made it clear that they would treat Riel/his followers as legitimate government
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| Black foot nation (what, leader) | first nations group in Canada, Cheif Crowfoot,
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| Chief Crowfoot's Blackfoot name | "Sapomaxicow"
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| Sir Sanford Fleming (Nationality, career, invented | Canadian engineer/inventor, proposed worldwide standard time zones, Canada's first postage stamp, engineered Intercolonial/Canadian Pacific railway, founding member of Royal Society, founded Royal Canadian Instititute,
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| Fort Gibraltar (company, burned by, convinced what) | NWC, burned by Robert Semple, convince Metis that Selkirk colonists intended war on them
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| Miles Macdonnell (issued, leader of, reputation) | issued Pemmican Proclamation, leader of colonists in Red River, belligerent reputation)
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| Treaty of 1817 (who, what, Selkirk's payment) | Cree & Ojibwa, gaining possession of RRV along Red River + Assiniboine Riber, 100 pounds tobacoo
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| Selkirk's Grant (why, who, size, where) | Lord Selkirk was troubled by the displaced crofters so he used his own fortune to give them agricultural land/colonies. It was about 300,000km2 in today's Southern Manitoba and North Dakota
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| appointed secretary of Beefsteak club in November 1833, presiding judge of 4 men tried for illegal trade, hostile towards French speaking Metis | Adam Thom
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| Upper Canada after Act of Union in 1841 | Canada West
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| Formed in 1783 | NWC
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| Formed in 1670 | HBC
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| animal becoming extinct in 19th century due to demand of HBC/NWC | beaver
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| white collar | referringto clerical or professional workers
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| in a manner suggesting absolute power | autocratic
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| What did Native people draw for European explorers and fur traders? | mindmaps
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| Hierarchy | people in authority from top to bottom
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| country that rules itself | dominion
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| this animal was an important part of Metis culture | bison
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| Thomas Douglas | fifth earl of selkirk, responsibile for bringing colonists to red river
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| two wheeled wooden cart on prairies | red river cart
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| encouraged fur traders to marry native women | Northwest company
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| These people thought white collar jobs made them superior to red river settlement | country-born
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| First PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA? | John A. MacDonald
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| Who did the HBC sell Rupert's land to? | Canada
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| This newspaper promoted hatred towards French/Catholic | NorWester
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| - Duncan Cameron | NWC Chief trader
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| - Cuthbert Grant | Leader of Metis 1816, HBC
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| - Louis Riel | Leader of Metis 1870s
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| - Lord Selkirk | land grant for settlers
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| - Colin Robertson | leader of colonists in red river, HBC NWC before)
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| - Miles Macdonell | leader of colonists in red river
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| - Robert Semple | governor of RRC
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| - John Schultz | colonist, hate Metis, Norwester paper
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| - Willieam McDougall | governor of Northwest territories
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| - Thomas Scott | colonists, executed by Metis
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| work for works sake | protestant work ethic
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| smallpox, measles | two most deadly diseases
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| celibacy | abstinence from intercourse
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| bison hunt schedule | early summer and autumn
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| saddle horses and buffalo runners | two types of horses the Metis used
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