From APA Study Notes
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| show | Agriculture
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| show | 275
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| show | Navajo, 16 million acres
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| What is the average per capita per day water usage? | show 🗑
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| show | Nitrogen oxide, Carbon monoxide, Lead, Sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulates
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| show | George Perkins Marsh, inspired the conservationist movement
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| Who wrote Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the U.S.? (1878) | show 🗑
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| Who founded the Sierra Club (1892)? | show 🗑
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| Who was Gifford Pinochet? | show 🗑
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| Who wrote The Last Landscape (1959)? | show 🗑
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| show | Rachel Carson, about the harmful effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life
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| show | 1897, to survey and classify all public domain lands
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| show | Grand Coulee Dam, on the Columbia River in central Washington State, buildt for irrigation, electric power generation, and flood control
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| show | April 22, 1970
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| show | separates ownership of land from the right to develop that land
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| Just vs. Marinette County (1972) | show 🗑
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| show | U.S. Supreme Court ruled that open space requirements established by the City of Tiburon did not result in a taking of property; Established the principle that a governmental action was not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate gov
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| Babbit v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon (1996) | show 🗑
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| show | U.S. Supreme Court decided that environmental protection laws prohibiting filling undeveloped salt marsh (wetlands) did not remove all economically viable use of the land and therefore this regulation was not a taking
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| What is NPDES (1972)? | show 🗑
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| What is CAFE (1975)? | show 🗑
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| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) | show 🗑
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| show | Superfund, Gave EPA power to seek out those parties responsible for any hazardous releases and assure their cooperation in the cleanup
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| Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA, 1991) | show 🗑
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| show | Preservation of wilderness (Muir), vs. Conservation (wise use of natural resources, Pinchot)
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| show | 1,200
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| show | ~1,100SF → 2,340 SF
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| show | 430 gallons
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| What is R-factor? | show 🗑
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| What is effluent? | show 🗑
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| Moraine | show 🗑
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| show | The study of the chemical, hydrological and biological aspects of lakes and ponds
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| show | Refers to a lake or lake-type environment, such as a wetland
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| Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) | show 🗑
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| show | Phosphorous
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| Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) | show 🗑
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| What land use maps are included in a comprehensive plan? | show 🗑
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| How many sf in 1 acre? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters
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| How many feet in a mile? | show 🗑
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| show | NYC 1916, Edward Bassett; cumulative approach to zoning
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| show | Yellowstone, 1872
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| First National wildlife refuge? | show 🗑
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| show | New Orleans, 1921 (French Quarter)
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| First off-street parking regulations? | show 🗑
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| show | Bronx River Parkway
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| When was the first national conference on City planning? | show 🗑
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| show | Olmsted, Jr
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| show | 1978
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| show | Myerson and Banfield
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| show | Charles Lindblom; Ther Science of Muddling Through; response to rational planning model; acknowleges that changes are made in increments
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| show | Sherry Arnstein (Ladder of Participation, 1969), Paul Davidoff (planners as advocates, not neutral technocrats)
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| Daniel Burnham | show 🗑
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| show | Ebenezer Howard, 1989, Garden Cities of to-morrow
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| show | LeCorbusier, 1920s, Large scale grid of arterial streets, superblocks composed of high-rise towers and individual zones for each use type
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| Concentric Ring Theory | show 🗑
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| Frank Lloyd Wright | show 🗑
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| show | Homer Hoyt, 1939, Proposed that urban areas develop by sectors, formed along communication and transportation routes
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| show | Harris and Ulman, 1945, Proposed that urban areas grow by the progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei, which become specialized and differenciated
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| show | William Alonso, 1960, Proposed that the cost of land, the intensity of development of land, the concentration of the population, and the number of places of employment each decline as distance from the CBD increases
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| show | Andres Duany, 1982 (also known as neotraditional design)
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| show | John Logan and Harvey Molotch, 1987, Proposed that urban development is actually directed by those elite members of the community who control the resources and have business and political interests that benefit from development
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| show | Joel Garreau, 1991, Suburban cities gaining on older core cities
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| show | Eminent domain, Department store, Established aesthetics and redevelopment as a valid purpose for exercising eminent domain; Public ownership of land not the sole way to promote public purpose;
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| Nollan v California Coastal Commission (1987) | show 🗑
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| show | Takings; Coastal zone protection prohibited building a house on shorefront; U.S. Supreme Court found that regulations that deny all economic use of property constitute a taking (unless existing state prop and nuisance law prohibit such use
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| City of Ladue v Gilleo (1994) | show 🗑
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| show | Growth management; Local govts can control growth on basis that adequate public services and facilities are nec. and should preced addtl subdiv dev
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| show | Housing, Fair Share
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| Kelo v City of New London (2005) | show 🗑
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| show | Takings; Removed the “substantially advances” test (basis of Agins v Tiburon) to identify regulatory taking; Relevant test if whether due process clause has been violated; Affirms that regulatory taking occurs when regs destroy all economic value
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| City of Rancho Palos Verde v Abrams | show 🗑
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| show | State courts can adjudicate challenges to land use decisions
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| Traditional Neighborhood Unit | show 🗑
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| Radburn, NJ | show 🗑
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| Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1926) | show 🗑
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| show | Hoover, Dept of Commerce
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| Saul Alinsky | show 🗑
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| Norman Krumholtz | show 🗑
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| show | proper design of built environment can reduce fear and incidence of crime (and can increase business activity)
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| What % of all homes in US are manufactured homes? | show 🗑
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| Citizen participation | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 sections of the AICP Code of Ethics? | show 🗑
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| Ethics: Aspirational principles: | show 🗑
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| Ethics: Rules of conduct: | show 🗑
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| show | Transparency, Disclosure, Documentation
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| Ethics: Who makes the final determination in a charge of ethics misconduct? | show 🗑
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| show | Phone or mail, not unreliable email
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| When did current AICP Ethics Code take effect? | show 🗑
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| show | To service the public interest
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| Planner’s responsibility to the public? | show 🗑
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| Planner’s responsibility to Clients and Employers? | show 🗑
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| Planner’s responsibility to the Profession and Colleagues? | show 🗑
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| Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938) | show 🗑
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| show | 1973
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| show | Used for the disposal of Federal Property by the US government
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| What year was American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) established? | show 🗑
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| Morrill Act (1862) | show 🗑
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| Pennsylvania Coal v Mahon (1922) | show 🗑
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| show | Older approach to regulating land use; A hierarchical approach in which less intensive uses such as residences are allowed in areas of more intensive use, such as commercial districts
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| show | Allows only stated use and not less intensive uses
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| show |
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| Delphi method | show 🗑
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| show | Transfer of Development Rights
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| show | Radial design of Washington, DC
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| First comprehensive city plan officially adopted by major US city? | show 🗑
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| First regional planning commission? | show 🗑
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| San Fransisco Zoning Ordinance, 1867 | show 🗑
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| show | Atlanta, 1949
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| Dolan v City of Tigard (1994) | show 🗑
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| show | US Supreme county ruled that restricting certain nuisances land uses was a legitimate exercise of police power; Upheld ordinance in LA prohibiting operation of brickyard
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| Construction Indust. Assn. of Sonoma County v City of Petaluma (1971) | show 🗑
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| Young v. American Mini Theaters (1976) | show 🗑
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| show | US Supreme Court found historic preservation to be a valid public purpose; Upheld LPC’s denial of request to develop over Grand Central (a designated historic landmark); Penn Central could have TDR’d
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| Metromedia Inc v City of San Diego (1981) | show 🗑
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| show | Lexington and Fayette County, KY (1958)
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| show | Viewed land use as a function of accessibility
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| Zoning | show 🗑
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| Euclidean zoning | show 🗑
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| show | 1925, developed comprehensive plan for Cincinnati, the first American city to adopt a comprehensive plan; Defending zoning in Amber v Eucid
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| Form-based zoning | show 🗑
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| Transect zoning | show 🗑
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| Performance zoning | show 🗑
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| show | Costs levied on developers as a condition for receiving permission to develop in a community (i.e. contribution of land, facilities or funding); Extractions reflect the costs that a dev is projected to impose on a community
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| show | used to secure a portion of rights associated with a parcel
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| Right of way | show 🗑
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| 5th Amendment | show 🗑
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| show | A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures
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| show | Hardship inherent in the physical characteristics of the land (although often misconstrued as alleviation of financial hardship)
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| Euclid v Ambler (1926) | show 🗑
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| show | Preexisting feedlot became a nuisance for a newer residential area; state court of appeals ruled that feedlot should move to accommodate addtl urban dev; dev’rs required to pay expenses and damages
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| City Council v Taxpayers for Vincent (1984) | show 🗑
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| City of Renton v Playtime Theaters (1986) | show 🗑
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| First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale v County of Los Angeles (1987) | show 🗑
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| Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council v Tahoe Regional Planning Association (2002) | show 🗑
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| Land Ordinance of 1785 | show 🗑
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| show | Confirmed the states’ authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances; Drafted under Secretary of Commerce Hoover
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| show | Outlined powers of municipal planning commissions and required the adoption of a master plan by local governing bodies; Provided for establishment of regional planning commissions and regional plans; Published by Dept of Commerce under Hoover
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| Housing Act of 1949 | show 🗑
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| Housing Act of 1954 | show 🗑
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| Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act (1966) | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Mitigation planning, to minimize damage; 2) Preparation planning; 3) Response planning; 4) Recovery planning
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| “T-value” | show 🗑
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| Subsidence | show 🗑
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| show | Multi-year scheduling of public physical improvements based on fiscal analysis and population projections; Typically covers next 5 - 6 year period; Addresses long-term community needs
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| What is per capita daily water demand? | show 🗑
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| A gravity feed water supply system must have storage tanks how far above the distribution area? | show 🗑
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| What is per capita daily waste water production? | show 🗑
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| What is a perc test? | show 🗑
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| show | 4.4 lbs/person (40% paper, 18% yard trimmings, 7% food scraps; 8% plastics)
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| Detention vs. Retention? | show 🗑
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| show | Superfund
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| What % of trips in US are done by bicycle or foot? | show 🗑
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| Transportation Improvement Programs (TIP) | show 🗑
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| show | Typically the size of a census tract
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| show | 1) Trip generation; 2) Trip distribution; 3) modal split; 4) trip assignment in network
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| show | 1) Major or principle arterial; 2) Minor arterial; 3) (Urban) Collectors; 4) Local roads
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| Cartway | show 🗑
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| show | To reduce congestion by making the most efficient use of a multimodal network
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| Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) | show 🗑
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| show | Most--single fam home; Least--retirement homes
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| What is peak parking space factor for shopping center? | show 🗑
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| What is peak parking space factor for offices? | show 🗑
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| show | 0.2 - 1.5 spaces per room
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| show | 5 - 25 spaces per 1,000 SF of GLA
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| What is peak parking space factor for residential? | show 🗑
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| What is the scale for transportation Level of Service (LOS)? | show 🗑
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| show | Boston, 1897
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| show | Bronx River Parkway, 1926
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| show | Eisenhower; Construction funding through Highway Trust Fund (from taxes on new vehicles and gas); Largest public works project in the nation’s history
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| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA 1990) | show 🗑
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| show | Successor to ISTEA; added new initiatives for improving safety, protecting natural environment, advancing economic growth and competitiveness; emphasized transit as alt to highway expansion
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| show | Some states (i.e. FL) require that planning and commitments for transportation and infrastructure be linked with planning and commitments for other functions such as growth, water supply, or education
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| Park size stds according to the National Recreation and Parks Association | show 🗑
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| show | May protect green space by allowing higher density development on some sections of a parcel of land and non on other sections of the parcel
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| Location quotient | show 🗑
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| show | Use to compare and contrast growth rates among industrial sectors; Used to distinguish btwn the effices of national and local economic trends
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| show | Community (100-450K SF; mid-size dept store or discount store as anchor); Neighborhood (30-100K SF; convenience goods and personal services; Regional (300-1,000K SF; variety of general merchandise, apparel, furniture etc.)
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| Special districts (i.e. water, sewer) | show 🗑
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| Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) 1977 | show 🗑
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| show | To stop redlining; required banks to loan to areas it serves customers in
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| show | Fed funds to make distressed urban areas economically competitive with suburban neighbors; Incentives such as property tax reductions, sales tax reductions, wage tax credits, low-interest financing
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| First city to enact Historic Preservation Ordinance? | show 🗑
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| US v Gettysburg Electric Railway (1896) | show 🗑
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| show | First law to provide fed protection for archaeological and historic sites; allowed designation of National Monuments
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| show | A private nfp membership org dedicated to saving historic places and revitalizing communities
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| show | Est. National Register of Historic Places; Provide (sect. 106) for protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities
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| show | Columbia, MD (1960s); Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls in the 1950s; Introduced festival marketplaces to dying downtowns (Faneuil Hall, Inner Harbor in Baltimore, South Street Seaport); Grandfather of Edward Norton
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| show | Image of the City (1960); Showed which elements of the built environment are important to how people understand the layout of a place; Network of paths, edges, dstricts, nodes and landmarks contribute to the image of a city
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| William H. Whyte | show 🗑
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| show | Great Streets (1995) - analyzed quality and quantity of features that characterize great streets around the world
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| show | Joel Garreau, defined as a distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 years ago, that has at least 5M SF of leasable office space, 600K SF of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms
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| show | Dominant urban form with large, isolated, suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or transit
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| When/how/who Philadelphia planned? | show 🗑
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| show | Pierre L’Enfant, 1701, radial streets over a gridiron pattern; Applied principles on monumental design
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| show | James Oglethorpe, 1733, central public square
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| show | Olmsted and Vaux, Garden suburb w parks and greenways; First planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities
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| First skyscraper | show 🗑
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| show | NYC, 1857, Elisha Otis; made highrise buildings feasible
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| show | 1903, First English Garden City and a stimulus to the New Town movement in the US Greenbelt towns
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| Forest Hills Gardens | show 🗑
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| Mariemont, OH | show 🗑
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| show | Stein and Wright, 1924-1928
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| show | Gov’t sponsored towns based on Garden Cities in 1930s; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI; Greenbelt, MD
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| Park Forest, IL | show 🗑
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| show | Post-WWII; Reston, VA; Columbia, MD
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| show | New Urbanist planned community; Duany; traditional neighborhood design; construction began 1982
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| Regional Plan for New York City and Its Environs (1929) | show 🗑
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| Current % breakdown of homes urban/suburban/rural? | show 🗑
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| What percentage of US HHs are homeowners? | show 🗑
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| Changes to American household since 1970? | show 🗑
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| Daily homeless population in the US? | show 🗑
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| show | 51% single men; 17% are single women; 39% are families with children; 13-25% are employed
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| show | Required buildings to provide only narrow airshaft btwn adjacent structures and only two toilets on each floor (called dumbbell tenements bc of their shape)
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| NYC Tenement House Law (1901) | show 🗑
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| show | 80-90%
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| Gautreaux | show 🗑
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| National Housing Act (1934) | show 🗑
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| show | Created public housing administration, and empowered and funded local housing authorities to construct and operate public housing as well as engage in slum clearance; Tied slum clearance to public housing
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| show | Focus on slum clearance, urban renewal and new housing construction (initialed Urban Renewal)
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| show | Expanded Urban Renewal; Instituted comprehensive housing and community redevelopment planning; Section 701 grants for planning in small communities--contributed to the establishment of local planning depts
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| Housing and Urban Development Act (1965) | show 🗑
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| Housing and Community Development Act (1974) | show 🗑
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| show | First major legislative response to homelessness; Emphasis on elderly, disabled and families with children
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| show | Sometimes assess on new commercial or industrial development to address new need for affordable housing triggered by additional workers
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| First department store | show 🗑
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| When does neighborhood planning occur? | show 🗑
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| Private Sewage Treatment Facilities (PSTFs) | show 🗑
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| show | Mix of uses, w sidewalks, trees and on-street parking; Medium density; shallow front yards for residences; potentially 0’ setback for commerical areas; diverse housing types
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| Town planing considerations | show 🗑
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| Homestead Act (1862) | show 🗑
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| show | 6.3% (represents declining farm population)
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| show | ⅓ of all farms in US are in metropolitan areas; They produce over 2/3s of country’s produce and about 40% of all dairy products
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| What % of rural employment is in manufacturing? | show 🗑
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| show | Dillon’s rule: local jurisdictions have only powers that are explicitly assigned to them by state gov’ts; Home rule: the state transfers power to the local government to adopt regulations
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| Cities in Evolution (1915) | show 🗑
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| First full-time planner employed by an American city? | show 🗑
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| Ian McHarg | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Gather factual info; 2) Gather info using participatory process; 3) Analyze information; 4) Report information; 5) Present the plan for review; 6) Revise plan accordingly; 7) Submit plan for adoption
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| Comprehensive plan | show 🗑
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| show | Plan for infrastructure; Estimates future needs and sources of funding; Usually includes detailed 5-6 year schedule
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| Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) | show 🗑
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| show | Goal is value-based statement about a desired future state of affairs. Objective offers more specific, measurable statements of how to achieve the desired ends. A Policy is a general rule that outlines how the goals and objectives of a plan should be real
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| Role of the Planning Department | show 🗑
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| Role of Planning Commission | show 🗑
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| Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA) | show 🗑
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| Confidence Interval | show 🗑
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| What is a good measure of central tendency (statistics Q) | show 🗑
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| show | A measure of how spread out a distribution is
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| Standard deviation | show 🗑
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| show | Statistic used to suggest whether there might be a relationship between two nominal or categorical variables
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| Ratio or Step-down method | show 🗑
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| show | Uses readily available data, such as building permits, school enrollment, or voter registration, to estimate the current population
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| show | Designed to be a relatively homogeneous unit with respect to population characteristics, economic status and living conditions; Averages ~4,000 people
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| show | Part of a census tract; Smalled geographic unit for which the Census tabulates 100% data; designations covering entire nation for first time in 1990
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| show | Subset of the blocks within a Census Tract; The smallest geographic unit for which the Census tabulates sample data
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| show | A densely settled concentration of population that is not within an incorporated place, but is locally identified by a name; No size limits (since 2000)
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| Place | show 🗑
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| show | Incorporated under state law as, i.e., a city, town, borough or village, and having legally prescribed geographic limits
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| show | For Census 2000, two types of urban areas: Urban Clusters (2.5 - 50K people) and Urbanized Areas (at least 50K people)
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| Urban Clusters | show 🗑
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| show | An area consisting of at least one central place and adjacent territory, with a general population density of at least 1,000 people/square mile of land area and a minimum residential population of at least 50,000 people
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| show | Core area (city of >50,000 or Urbanized Area with at >100,000 people) with large population nucleus and adjacent communities with a high degree of economic and social integration with that core; May include 1 or more counties
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| show | 35.3 years
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| show | 2.59 persons (owner-occupied = 2.69, renter-occupied - 2.4)
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| Biggest/smallest states in population in 2000 Census? | show 🗑
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| PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) | show 🗑
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| show | Analyzes current econ and demo trends and conditions to estimate future budgetary need; Forecasts needs for next 4 - 6 years; Traditionally uses Line Item Budget
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| Line item budgets | show 🗑
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| show | Organizes expenditures by the services they fund and a set of evaluation standards for each services; Readily used as a management tool; Examples: Planned Programming Budgetary System (PPBS), Zero-Base Budgeting, Dayton System
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| Planning Programming Budgetary System (PPBS) | show 🗑
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| show | Not based on previous year’s budget; Each year’s budget starts at a base of zero, and each program and expenditure in the budget must be justified annually; Define “decision packages” tied to long-range plan objectives; Developed by Texas Instruments
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| show | Drucker; Establishes overarching objectives using a collaborative process; 1) Determination and communication of organizational goals; 2) interpretation and definition of those goals into performance objectives for individuals; and 3) the measurement of p
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| show | street layouts, lots, and blocks
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| 3 basic elements of subdivision requirements | show 🗑
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| “A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached” | show 🗑
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| General obligation bonds | show 🗑
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| Revenue bonds | show 🗑
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| show | Facility is constructed by a private company or authority, and then leased by the municipality. Rental over the years of the lease will have paid the total original cost plus interest, and at end of lease period title conveyed to the municipality without
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| Airport planning | show 🗑
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| show | Those that lack areas of constant human occupation. I.e. manufacturing, warehousing, distribution.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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