APHG_Gray
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| secularism | religion is less-significant to communities
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| animism | all objects are animate and have souls/feelings/are alive
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| universalizing religions | believed to appeal to universal populus (everyone) due to offering a belief system that benefits all (ex: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism)
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| ethnic religions | you must be born into faith; no converts (ex. Hinduism)
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| top 5 religions in the world | 1) Christianity, 2)Islam, 3) Hinduism, 4) Buddhism, 5) Sikhism
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| origin/diffusion of Islam | diffused fromm Christianity; kings used armies to spread religion along Arabian Penninsula; 1.3 billion followers
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| Hinduism | conglomeration of beliefs characterized by great diversity of gods and goddesses, karma, reincarnation, and a caste system
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| Judaism | monotheistic religion; Zionism; about 5 million Jews in Europe & 5 million in Asia
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| diaspora | the diffusion of Judaism
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| fastest growing religion in the world | Islam
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| caste system | system of layers based on categorizing people by their class
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| lingua franca | a common language adopted between speakers whose native languages are different; used commercially
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| dialect | variants of a standard language based on regional/ethnic lines
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| mutual intelligibility | two people can understand each other when speaking
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| 1993 Top 5 Languages of the World | 1) Mandarin, 2) English, 3) Spanish, 4) Hindi, 5) Russian
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| 2004 Top 5 Languages of the World | 1) Mandarin, 2) English, 3) Hindi, 4) Spanish, 5) Arabic
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| 2011 Top 5 Languages of the World | 1) Mandarin, 2) Spanish & English, 3) Arabic, 4) Hindi, 5) Portugese & Bengali
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| backward reconstruction | traces migration back to "home" to discover the original source of the spoken language
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| deep reconstruction | completely recontructs a former language after backwards reconstruction
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| Nostratic language | the ancient ancestor of Proto-Indo-European language, as well as the Kartvelian languages, Uralic-Altaic landuages, the Dravidian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic lanuages of Arabia
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| language divergence/convergence | how languages are created
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| pidgin language | two languages combine structures into a simplified vocabulary
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| descriptive toponyms | Rocky Mountains, Chicago (Stinking Onions)
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| Associative toponyms | Mill River (a mill was on the river), Springfield (a spring was in the field)
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| Incident Names | Battle Creek, Bloody Ridge, Cut and Shoot
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| Possessive Names | Castro Valley, Pittsburg
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| Commemorative (commemorating someone well-known or in honor of a famous person) | St. Louis, San Jacinto, Houston, Seattle (named after Chief Seattle), Austin, Pennsylvania (Penn's woods), Illinois (after the Illini Indians)
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| Commendatory (praising) | Pleasant Valley, Greenland
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| Manufactured (made up names) | Tesnus ('Sunset' spelled backwards), Reklaw ('Walker' spelled backwards), Iraan (Ira and Ann named the town after each other), Truth or Consequences
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| Mistaken (historic errors in identification or translation) | West Indies (not west of the Indies and not Indies)
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| Shift Names (relocated name or names from settler's homeland; sometimes religious) | Athens (Greece and Texas), Palestine (Middle East and Texas), New Mexico (settlers named new home after previous home), Zion, Chapel Hill, Jerusalem
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| Post-Colonial Toponyms | toponyms named after colonial times
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| Postrevolutionary Toponyms | toponyms named after revolutionary times
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| memorial toponyms | Washington, Jacksonville
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| Commodification toponyms | agriculture-based toponyms
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| weird toponyms | Kdajfkldhfgjaghj, NY
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| Body Part/Bathroom Humor Toponyms | Broken Knee, Bended Elbow
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| Hinduism food laws | no cows
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| Jewish food laws | Kosher laws
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| Islam food laws | Halal
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| Western religions think... | linearly, seeking converts
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| Eastern religions think... | cyclically, not seeking converts
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| barrio | neighborhood
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| largest ethnic minority | hispanics
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| French Language Laws | any languages presented must also be presented in French
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| lingua franca debate | whether English will still be the lingua franca in 2100
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| housing types | bungalo, single/double pile, ranch, & irregular mass
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| religious hearths | where religions begin and remain based out of
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| Noah Webster | wrote the first dictionary
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| basques | Non-Indo-European languages
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| standard language | most-spoken language
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| official language | government enforced language
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| disposal of the dead | burial, cremation, & exposure
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| identifying against | using one's natural culture to critique and understand the culture of another (to observe how they are different)
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| syncretic | borrowing beliefs from other religions
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| orthodox church | suppressed in the 20th century; one of three major branches of Christianity; revivial in Soviet areas
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