Digestive System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gastrointestinal (GI) tract (alimentary canal) | mouth, most of pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
🗑
|
||||
| accessory digestive organs | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| digestive process | ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation
🗑
|
||||
| secretion | water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into lumen from GI tract cells
🗑
|
||||
| mixing and propulsion | alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract, known as motility
🗑
|
||||
| digestion | mechanical digestion churns food; chemical digestion – hydrolysis
🗑
|
||||
| components of the wall of GI tract | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
🗑
|
||||
| mucosa's 3 layers | epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
🗑
|
||||
| lamina propria | connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels and mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) that contain immune system cells
🗑
|
||||
| muscularis mucosae | thin layer of smooth muscle making folds to increase surface area
🗑
|
||||
| submucosa | connective tissue binding mucosa to muscularis; contains many blood and lymphatic vessels; submucosal plexus (neurons)
🗑
|
||||
| muscularis | voluntary skeletal muscle (mouth, pharynx, esohpagus, and anal sphincter) and involuntary; arranged in circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers; myenteric plexus
🗑
|
||||
| enteric nervous system (ENS) | extends from esophagus to anus; myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus; motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons
🗑
|
||||
| myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach) | located between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers; controls GI tract motility
🗑
|
||||
| submucosal plexus (plexus of Meissner) | located within the submucosa; controls secretions
🗑
|
||||
| ANS influence | parasympathetic stimulation increases secretions and motility by stimulating the ENS; sympathetic stimulation inhibits ENS
🗑
|
||||
| peritoneum | largest serous membrane in the body; parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, and visceral peritoneum
🗑
|
||||
| ascites | accumulation of liters of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
🗑
|
||||
| parietal peritoneum | lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
🗑
|
||||
| visceral peritoneum | covers some of the organs in the cavity
🗑
|
||||
| retroperitoneal | kidneys, ascending and descending colons, duodenum, and pancreas (located behind the peritoneum)
🗑
|
||||
| major peritoneal folds (5) | greater omentum, falciform ligament, lesser omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon
🗑
|
||||
| greater omentum | the largest peritoneal fold that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine like a “fatty apron”
🗑
|
||||
| falciform ligament | attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
🗑
|
||||
| lesser omentum | suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver
🗑
|
||||
| mesentery | binds the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
🗑
|
||||
| mesocolon | binds the transverse colon and sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall
🗑
|
||||
| structure of the mouth | cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tongue
🗑
|
||||
| uvula | a conical muscular process hanging from the soft palate; drawn superiorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
🗑
|
||||
| function of salivary glands | when food enters the mouth, secretion increases to lubricate, dissolve, and begins chemical digestion
🗑
|
||||
| 3 pairs of salivary glands | parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
🗑
|
||||
| parotid glands | located between the skin and masseter muscle; secrete saliva via a parotid duct
🗑
|
||||
| submandibular glands | found in the floor of the mouth; submandibular ducts
🗑
|
||||
| sublingual glands | Found beneath the tongue; lesser sublingual ducts
🗑
|
||||
| saliva | 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes;ions, dissolved gases, urea, uric acid, mucus, IgA, lysozyme, and salivary amylase
🗑
|
||||
| urea and uric acid in saliva | helps remove waste molecules
🗑
|
||||
| IgA in saliva | prevents attachment of microbes
🗑
|
||||
| tongue structure | skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane; attached to the hyoid bone; extrinsic muscles (hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus); intrinsic muscles; lingual frenulum (fold of mucous membrane on the bottom of the tongue)
🗑
|
||||
| tongue function | maneuvers food for chewing, shapes mass, and forces food back for swallowing
🗑
|
||||
| lingual glands | secrete salivary lipase (fats and oils)
🗑
|
||||
| ankyloglossia | abnormally short or rigid lingual frenulum resulting in an impairment of speech
🗑
|
||||
| major regions of a tooth (3) | crown, root, and neck
🗑
|
||||
| layers of a tooth (5) | enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp, and root canals
🗑
|
||||
| dentitions | sets of teeth
🗑
|
||||
| deciduous dentitions | primary teeth, milk teeth, or baby teeth; 20 teeth (no molars)
🗑
|
||||
| permanent dentitions | deciduous teeth replaced somewhere between the ages of 6-12; 32 teeth
🗑
|
||||
| pharynx | food passes into the oropharynx and laryngopharynx; the muscular contractions in those areas help propel food into the esophagus to the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| histology of the esophagus | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, sphincters, and adventitia (attaches to the surroundings)
🗑
|
||||
| function of the esophagus | secretes mucus and transports food
🗑
|
||||
| upper esophageal sphincter (UES) | regulates movement into the esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| lower esophageal sphincter (LES) | regulates movement into the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| deglutition | swallowing; involving mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| 3 stages of deglutition | voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal
🗑
|
||||
| peristalsis | progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations to push a bolus forward; occurs in the esophageal stage
🗑
|
||||
| pharyngeal stage | when bolus enters the oropharynx it sends impulses to the deglutition center in the medulla; returning impulse tells the uvula to ascend and the epiglottis to close
🗑
|
||||
| four main regions of the stomach | cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
🗑
|
||||
| pylorus (2) | pyloric antrum, connects to the body of the stomach; pyloric canal, connects into the duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| histology of the stomach | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
🗑
|
||||
| mucosa of the stomach | gastric glands open into gastric pits; mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
🗑
|
||||
| mucous neck cells | secrete mucus
🗑
|
||||
| parietal cells | produce intrinsic factor (for absorption of B12) and hydrochloric acid
🗑
|
||||
| chief cells | secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
🗑
|
||||
| G-cells | endocrine cell that secrete gastrin
🗑
|
||||
| gastrin | stimulates gastric activity
🗑
|
||||
| muscularis of the stomach | has an additional 3rd inner oblique layer
🗑
|
||||
| serosa of the stomach | part of the visceral peritoneum
🗑
|
||||
| rugae | folds of the stomach when it is empty
🗑
|
||||
| mechanical digestion in the stomach | mixing waves (produces chyme) and gastric emptying (forces 3 mL of chyme into the duodenum)
🗑
|
||||
| chemical digestion in the stomach | salivary amylase (digestion of starch continues until inactivated by gastric juice), lingual lipase (gastric juice activates it), and HCl (secreted by parietal cells; the proton pumps powered by H+/K+ ATPases)
🗑
|
||||
| pepsin | secreted by chief cells in its inactive form pepsinogen, becomes active when in contact with HCl; helps breakdown proteins
🗑
|
||||
| why is pepsin secreted in an inactive form? | it would breakdown the chief cells that produce it; the stomach is protected by a 1-3mm thick alkaline mucus
🗑
|
||||
| gastric lipase | breaks triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
🗑
|
||||
| location of the pancreas | retroperitoneal, lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| anatomy of the pancreas | head, body, tail, and two ducts
🗑
|
||||
| pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) | (larger duct) joins the common bile duct from the liver and gallbladder and enters the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla
🗑
|
||||
| sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi) | regulates pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| accessory duct (duct of Santorini) | leads from the pancreas into the duodenum, just above the hepatopancreatic ampulla
🗑
|
||||
| pancreatic acini | 99% of the epithelial clusters; constitute the exocrine portion; secrete a mix of fluid and digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice)
🗑
|
||||
| pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) | 1% endocrine portion; secrete glucagon, insulin,somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
🗑
|
||||
| pancreatic juice (5) | neutral pH, somewhat alkaline; sodium bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, proteolytic enzymes, pancreatic lipase, and deoxy/ribonuclease
🗑
|
||||
| sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice | buffers chyme, stops pepsin from the stomach, and creates the proper pH for enzymes in the small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| proteolytic enzymes | trypsin activates enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| liver anatomy | two lobes joined by the falciform ligament, inferior quadrate lobe, and posterior caudate lobe; coronary ligament suspends the liver from the diaphragm
🗑
|
||||
| ligamentum teres (round ligament) | remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus
🗑
|
||||
| histology of the liver | hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, hepatic sinusoids, and Kupffer cells
🗑
|
||||
| hepatocytes | major functional cells of the liver; secretes bile
🗑
|
||||
| bile canaliculi | ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile; exit liver as common hepatic duct and joins the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form common bile duct
🗑
|
||||
| hepatic sinusoids | receives oxygenated blood form hepatic artery and deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood from hepatic portal vein
🗑
|
||||
| stellate reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells | destroy worn-out RBCs, WBCs, and bacteria from the GI tract
🗑
|
||||
| portal triad | bile duct, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein
🗑
|
||||
| bile properties | yellow, brownish liquid; pH 7.6-7.8; water bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments and ions
🗑
|
||||
| bile function | partial excretory product and partial digestive secretion; bile salts play a role in emulsification and providing a large surface area for pancreatic lipase
🗑
|
||||
| emulsification | breakdown of a large lipid globule into smaller lipid globules
🗑
|
||||
| liver functions | bile synthesis and secretion; carbohydrate metabolism; lipid metabolism; protein metabolism; processing drugs and hormones; excretion of bilirubin; storage for vitamins; phagocytosis; and activation of Vit-D
🗑
|
||||
| small intestine regions (3) | duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
🗑
|
||||
| small intestine histology | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
🗑
|
||||
| small intestine mucosa | absorptive cells, goblet cells (mucus), intestinal glands (intestinal juice), paneth cells (lysozyme), enteroendocrine cells, and MALT
🗑
|
||||
| small intestine serosa | completely surrounds the organ except for a major part of the duodenum
🗑
|
||||
| circular folds (plicae circulares) | ridges of mucosa and submucosa cause chyme to spiral (increased surface area for absorption)
🗑
|
||||
| villi | finger-like projections of the mucosa; contain an arteriole, venule, blood capillary and lacteal
🗑
|
||||
| microvilli | projections of apical (free) membrane of absorptive cells;
brush border with brush border enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| intestinal juice | water and mucus; slightly alkaline; 1-2L; provides liquid medium aiding in absorption
🗑
|
||||
| brush border enzymes | produced by absorptive cells and inserted into plasma membrane by microvilli; carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids
🗑
|
||||
| mechanical digestion in the small intestine | controlled by myenteric plexus; segmentations, mixing contractions to bring chyme in contact with mucosa; migrating motility complexes (MMC)
🗑
|
||||
| carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine | pancreatic amylase, α-dextrinase, sucrase, lactase, and maltase break them to monosaccharides which can be absorbed
🗑
|
||||
| protein digestion in the small intestine | trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase from pancreas; completed by aminopeptidase and dipeptidase in brush border
🗑
|
||||
| lipid digestion in the small intestine | pancreatic lipase and emulsification by bile salts
🗑
|
||||
| nucleic acid digestion in the small intestine | ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease in pancreatic juice; nucleosidases and phosphatases in brush border.
🗑
|
||||
| absorption in the small intestine | occurs by facilitated diffusion into blood (monosaccharides, amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides); lipids absorbed by simple diffusion
🗑
|
||||
| micelles | formed by bile salts and ferry chains of fatty acids and monoglycerides for absorption
🗑
|
||||
| chylomicrons | formed within a cell it is recreated from triglycerides
🗑
|
||||
| lacteals | used to transport lipids into blood with a chylomicron protein coat
🗑
|
||||
| electrolyte absorption | sodium ions reclaimed by active transport along with some other ions
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin absorption | fat-soluble absorbed by simple diffusion
🗑
|
||||
| water absorption | 9.3L ingested, 7.0L in GI secretions; occur by osmosis
🗑
|
||||
| daily volume | 9.3L ingested/secreted, 0.1L excreted,; total absorbed 9.2L
🗑
|
||||
| large intestine regions (5) | cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal
🗑
|
||||
| ileocecal sphincter | regulates passage of chyme between the small intestine and large intestine
🗑
|
||||
| colon divisions (4) | ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
🗑
|
||||
| internal anal sphincter | smooth muscle
🗑
|
||||
| external anal sphincter | skeletal muscle
🗑
|
||||
| histology of large intestine | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
🗑
|
||||
| large intestine mucosa | no circular folds or villi; does have microvilli on absorptive cells
🗑
|
||||
| large intestine muscularis | longitudinal muscle modified to form teniae coli also forms haustra (pouches, segments seen)
🗑
|
||||
| mechanical digestion by the large intestine | haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis (pushes contents toward the rectum)
🗑
|
||||
| chemical digestion by the large intestine | final stage by bacterial action; ferment carbs; produces some vitamins B and K; mucus but no enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| phases of digestion (3) | cephalic phase, gastric phase,and intestinal phase
🗑
|
||||
| cephalic phase | smell, sight, thought or initial taste of food activates neural centers; prepares mouth and stomach for food to be eaten
🗑
|
||||
| gastric phase | neural regulation by stretch receptors and chemorecptors; hormonal mechanisms (gastrin from G-cells); promotes gastric secretion and motility
🗑
|
||||
| intestinal phase | begins when food enters small intesting; slows exit of chyme from the stomach
🗑
|
||||
| cholecystokinin (CCK) | stimulates flow of bile and pancreatic juice; from CCK cells in the small intestinal crypts in response to chyme containing amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| secretin | stimulates flow of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to buffer the acidic chyme; produced by S cells of the small intestinal crypts
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
sibuxiang
Popular Anatomy sets