The Revolutions of America and France
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| The Declaration of Independence | a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.
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| Stamp Act | a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp
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| "No Taxation Without Representation" | a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the British colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.
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| The Boston Tea Party | a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government and the monopolistic East India Company that controlled all the tea imported into the colonies.
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| The Articles of Confederation | an agreement among the 13 founding states that legally established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution
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| The Constitution | set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.
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| The Bill of Rights | a list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country
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| The French Revolution | a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years.
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| The Old Regime | The monarchy before the revolution in France
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| Bourgeoisie | The third estate
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| The Estates General | Established in 1789, was a national representative body in France, whose basic function was to give consent to royal taxation. Was divided into three classes: the clergy, nobility, and the commoners – which made up one third of the population.
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| Louis XVI | Born at Versailles, was the king of France from 1774-1792, who lost his throne in the French Revolution and was later beheaded by the revolutionary regime.
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| Marie Antoinette | Was the Queen of France from 1774-1792. She was very unpopular, which helped discredit the monarchy in the period before the Revolution. She was convicted of treason and publicly beheaded during the Revolution.
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| Tennis Court Oath | On June 20th, 1789, in response to a financial crisis in France, representatives of the commoners gathered at a tennis court at Versailles after the king had deprived them of their usual meeting place. They swore not to disband until they’d drawn up a new
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| Fall of the Bastille | On July 14th, 1789, an angry mob, tired of the oppressive brutality of the French monarchy, captured the Bastille, a prison in Paris. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
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| National Assembly | A group of representatives in France that acted as a grievance committee.
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Was a manifesto adopted by the National Assembly on August 26th, 1789, and attached as the preamble of the new constitution of 1791.
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| Maximillien Robespierre | A French lawyer and political leader, born in 1758, who became one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution and the principal exponent of the Reign of Terror.
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| George Jacques Danton | A French lawyer who was a radical but pragmatic leader of the French Revolution, whose willingness to compromise was rejected by rival factions; was born in 1759.
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| Battle of Valmy | Was a battle fought at the village of Valmy, near the town of Sainte-Menehould in northeastern France, on September 20th, 1792. It took place between a combined Prussian and Austrian force led by the duke of Brunswick and a French army commanded by Genera
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| Guillotine | A decapitating machine that consists of two upright posts, grooved on the inside and connected at the top by a crossbeam; a sharp blade, placed between the grooves, is held at the top of the machine by a rope. When released, the blade drops onto the neck
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| The Reign of Terror | Proposed in 1793, was a policy through which the state used violence to crush resistance to the government.
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| Jean Paul Marat | Born in 1743, was a French journalist and politician. He began a newspaper in 1789, “The Friend of the People,” which became France’s most influential radical journal.
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| Committee of Public Safety | Created by the National Convention in 1793, was an executive body in France that consisted of 9 members of the convention, and was formed as an administrative body to supervise and expedite the work of the executive bodies of the convention and of the gov
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