Spinal Cord
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| Spinal Reflexes | Rapid, automatic nerve responses triggered by specific stimuli. Controlled by spinal cord alone.
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| 31 | Number of spinal cord segments
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| Ventral Root | Contains axons of motor neurons
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| Dorsal Root | contains axons of sensory neurons
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| Roots | Two branches of spinal nerves
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| Dorsal root ganglia | contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
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| Spinal nerve | each side of spine. Dorsal and ventral roots join to form this.
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| Mixed nerves | carry both afferent and efferent fibers
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| afferent | sensory fibers
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| efferent | motor fibers
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| Protect spinal cord, carry blood supply | functions of the spinal meninges
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| Spinal meninges | specialized membranes that isolate spinal cord from surroundings
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| Dura, Arahnoid, and Pia Mater | The three meningeal layers
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| Dura Mater | Tough and fibrous, cranially fuses with periosteum of occipital bone
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| Epidural Space | between spinal dura mater and walls of vertebral canal. Contains loose connective and adipose tissue.
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| Arachnoid Mater | middle meningeal layer
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| arachnoid membrane | covers arachnoid mater
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| subdural space | between arachnoid mater and dura mater
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| subarachnoid space | between arachnoid mater and pia mater. filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes
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| pia mater | innermost meningeal layer. bound to underlying neural tissue
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| denticulate ligaments | stabilize side to side movement
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| white matter | superficial matter that contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons
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| gray matter | surrounds central canal of spinal cord
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| gray matter | contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons
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| gray horns | projections of gray matter
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| gray commissures | axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other before reaching gray matter
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| nuclei | the functional groups that the cell bodies of neurons form
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| sensory | dorsal nuclei that connect to peripheral receptors
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| motor | ventral nuceli that connects to peripheral effectors
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| three connective tissue layers of spinal nerves | epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium
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