IOC4 WGU
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| Olmecs | Gulf Coast
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| Pawnee | Nebraska/Platte River
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| Cherokee | Trail of Tears (Southeast, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, & Tennessee)
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| Mayans | Southern Mexico/Yucatan
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| Inca | Peru/Chile
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| Aztec | Mexico
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| Nez Perce | Idaho/Oregon
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| Christopher Columbus | Funded by Queen Isabella of Spain
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| Christopher Columbus | Sailed with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
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| Christopher Columbus | Landed in San Salvador (mistaken for Indies) & explored Cuba
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| Hernan Cortez | Sailed from Cuba to Mexico
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| Hernan Cortez | Founded Vera Cruz & Conquered the Aztec Empire in 1591
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| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Crossed Isthmus of Panama & Discovered Pacific Ocean
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| Ferdinand Magellan | Sailed on 3 year voyage around the world
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| Francisco Pizarro | Overtook the Inca in Peru/Established Lima & Peru
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| Hernando de Soto | Traveled from FL to Carolinas/moved westward to Mississippi River
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| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | traveled to KS (west of Grand Canyon)
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| Encomienda | Opression of Native Americans by the Spanish
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| Conquistidors | Soldiers who were granted trusteeship over indigenous people
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| Conquistidors | Also known as Encomienda; Seized land, increased taxes, and forced natives into slavery
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| Requerimeinto | Document threatening to enslave Native Amercians if Spanish demands were not meet
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| Black Legend | Description of Spaniards oppression of Native Americans
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| The Great Migration | Result of persecution of the Puritans in the 1630's
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| Toleration Act | Freedom of religion in Baltimore to anyone professing to believe in Jesus Christ
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| Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided land between Spain & Portugal
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| Cabot | Explored East Coast of North America
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| Da Gama | Sailed around Africa to India
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| Da Gama | Opened first all water trade route between Europe & Asia
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| Verrzonno | First European to sight NY
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| Polo | Inspired Columbus with descriptions of the Far East
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| Jamestown | 1607; Chesapeake Bay, VA
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| Jamestown | John Smith lead colony; John Rofe married Pocahontas
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| Jamestown | Colony failed due to food shortages, Indian attacks, malaria, diseases, distractions caused by gold digging
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| William Bradford | First governor of the Puritan colony in Cape Cod
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| Roger Williams | Founder of Rhode Island in 1636
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| William Penn | Founder of PA and the Quakers
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| New England | Puritan settlement including MA, RI, CT; Bay colony relying on fishing, whaling, fur trade. Boston was the major trading center. It was mercantile class dominated and ties with England diminished
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| Mid-Atlantic | VA, MD; Rural agricultural economy of tobacco & cotton; Slavery existed and exchange of goods with England was kept by upper class
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| Southern | NC, SC, GA; agricultural economy of rice, cotton, & tobacco; Slavery and cash crops were dominant; Charleston was a major port and strong ties with England ensued due to trading
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| Sugar Act | 1764; Great Britain taxed colonies on sugar, molasses, wine, and cloth
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| Stamp Act | 1765; Required an official stamp on all documents; John Adams "Pot is set to boil"
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| Tea Act | 1773; Allowed British East Indie tea co. to sell tea to colonies w/out paying tax; end result was Boston Tea Party
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| Declaratory Act | Asserted British governments right to impose taxes
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| Townsend Act | Duty tax, search, & seizure
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| Quartering Act | British soldiers were permitted to live in colonists homes for free
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| Boston Massacre | 6 colonists shot in Boston during fight between colonists & British troops
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| Trail of Tears | 1838; government forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave GA for OK; 4,000 casualities suffered enroute
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| Manifest Destiny | Belief that U.S. had a divine mission to expand & spread democracy & freedom
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| Louisana Purchase | Purchased for $15 million in 1803 by President Jefferson; the largest single addition to the U.S.
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| Annexation of Texas | 1845; securing of TX from Mexico
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | The U.S. acquired territories at the end of the Mexican War in 1848; now known as New Mexico, AZ, CA, & parts of CO, UT, & NV
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| Gadsden Purchase | U.S. purchase of what is now the southern border of AZ & NM from Mexico in 1853
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| Alaska | 1867; Purchased for over $7 million largely because of William Seward
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| Hawaii | Annexation of the islands & added to U.S in 1898 w/support of President McKinley
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| North | Industrial economy; opposed slavery
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| South | Agricultural economy; supported slavery
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| Compromise of 1850 | Admitted CA a free state
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| Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854; allowed new states to decide slavery; anti-slavery movement used KS as focal point to stop slavery
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| The movement | fueled by 1853 publication of Unlce Tom's Cabin. a portrayal of cruelties of slavery and rallying point for movement against it
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| Dred Scott Decision | Supreme Court ruled owners could take their private property (slaves) into free territory
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| John Brown | John Brown carried out raid on Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA; result was open rebellion
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| Anti-slavery movement | 1861; Northerners were not willing to compromise with Southerners & Southerners did not want any limits on slavery
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| Emancipation Proclamation | 1863; Lincoln published document after no compromise reached ending slavery in the rebelling states
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| Reconstruction | Attempt by abolitionist to revamp southern states to destroy any trace of slave culture
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| Post WWI | Economy of U.S. expanded at unprecedented rates
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| Buying on credit | Became commonplace after WWI; by 1929 more than $7 billion was owed to creditors
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| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Began in October, and by end of 1929, over $25 billion of investments had been lost
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| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Banks wereforced to close & Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff attempting to increase revenues
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| Franklin Roosevelt | 1932; New Deal proposing legislation to boost busniess & assist people; created FDIC; SSA of 1935 created safety net; beginning of federal government taking role in everyday economy
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| George Washington | "As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent"
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| James Madison | "It is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles"
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| Thomas Jefferson | Louisana Purchase; commissioned Lewis & Clarke
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| Abraham Lincoln | Civil War; ended slavery
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| Franklin D. Roosevelt | New Deal; created reform programs
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| John F. Kennedy | Space program, civil rights, & Vietnam
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| Richard Nixon | Diplomatic opening w/China; Watergate
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| Dwight Eisenhower | General during WWII
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| Woodrow Wilson | President during WWII
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| Immigration | surged due to demand for labor; between 1866-1915 25 million foreigners came to U.S.
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| Steel | surged after 1865 driven by need for steam, oil, steel, & coal
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| Railroad | Transcontinental RR completed in 1869; beginning of development of cities reducing families living on farms
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| Unionization | Due to increased educated public, damand for better wages, working conditions, & job security
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| WWI | Began in 1914 in Europe the U.S. was determined to remain neutral; entered 3 years later as Russia on verge of revolution
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| WWII | Forced into war by Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; U.S. aided England & France; supplied half man power and 3/4 materials for invasion of Europe on D-Day in 1944
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| Major U.S. events post WWII | Cold War ('45-'90); Korean War ('50-'53); Post-War Baby Boom; Civil Rights Movement; Vietnam War; Space Program/ Moon Landing ('61-'69); Fall of Soviet Union; & Rise of Terrorism
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| Relief Map | Maps show contour lines or shaded areas to indicate elevation
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| Climate Map | Use contour lines or shading to show long term conditions
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| Political Map | Use lines or colors to show boundaries, populations, & affiliations
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| Topographical Map | Uses lines & colors to show elevation & landform shapes to show 3D shapes in 2D. Lines close together show steep inclines; lines far apart show flat terrain
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| Physical Map | Use colors, lines, symbols, tints, & shading to show physical characteristics; oftenr show roads or other objects
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| Gerard Mercator | created 1st projection map in 16th century
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| Conic Projections | Created in 20th Century; superimposed a cone on globe
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| Equal-Area Projections | Maps today use equal-area projections with horizontal parallels.
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| Robinson | 1963; used by U.S. geographic service; National Geography society; shows features w/out interruption or little distortion
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| Characteristics of Ecosystems | Dynamic; interaction among living and non-living members; self-sustaining; biomes are mutually supportive
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| Tundra | cold temps; permafrost; no trees/tall plants; shrubby vegetations w/roots that don't penetrate subsoil; mosquitoes because of standing water
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| Tropical Forest | Variable rainfall; wet and dry seasons; high amounts of light; # of high tree species; unusually high # of species
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| Desert | Less than 30 cm of annual rainfall; aren't always hot, some cold at night, some cold year round; cacti-succulents; desert mice, snakes, nocturnal species
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| Grassland | Seasonal drought; periodic fires; grasses predominant vegetation; nutrients stored underground; birds, small rodents, grazing mammals (bison)
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| Savannah | Alternate rainy seasons with periods of drought; peridoic fires; perennial grasses, flowering trees, fire adapted; large herbivores (zebras), their predators (lions), predominant herbivores are insects (ants and termites)
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| Freshwater Biomes | less than 1% salt concentration; only cover a small area of Earth's surface; include swamps, ponds, & lakes
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| Marine Biomes | 3% salt concentration; ocean biomes are found throughout 75% of Earth's surface
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| Rivers | Moving water; oxygen content of water is generally high
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| Maya | Flourished in rain forest of southern Mexico until 900 A.D. when climate changed
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| Hohokam | Moved to present day AZ as climate became more arid; developed irrigation canals
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| Elevation | Earth grows colder at higher elevations; temps drop 3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 feet of altitude above sea level
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| Latitude | As Earth tilts and rotates, various areas receive more direct rays from sun
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| Deforestation | Destruction of large areas of forest due to clear cutting by humans
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| Global Warming | Use of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, & gasoline has increased levels of carbon dioxide in lower atmospher
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| Energy Development | Petrolrum production has negative impact by increaing human activity; hyrdroelectric projects alter terrain
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| Population Growth | As human population increases, farming, construction, mining, & energy development decrease
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| Political policies of U.S. | Dictated by presence or lack of natural resources
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| U.S. Demand for Petroleum | Dictated that the U.S. will be involved in mid-east countries to protect oil supply
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| Japan after WWI | Emerged after WWI as world power & industrial giant; did not have natural resources (iron ore, rubber, oil)
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| Consumption of Natural Resources | As demand increases, the ability to keep supply and cost down decreases
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| Russian crude oil supply | Russia has become major supplier of crude oil driving economy to growth and causing potential to over-expand
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| Demarcations of political units | Mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, deserts, swamps, & forests
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| Dictate political boundaries | Physical features, cultural areas, & geometric lines
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| Factors determining population growth | economic opportunity, political conditions, climate, natural resources, real estate, & pricing
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| Factors influencing how society develops | Climate, locations, natural boundaries, technology, & natural resources
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| Renewable Resources | Paper, glass, & aluminum
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| Non-Renewable Resources | Raw petroleum, iron, copper, & uranium
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| President | Commander/Chief
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| Vice President | Leader of Senate
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| Legislative Branch | Congress, House of Rep., & Senate
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| Congress | Declare war, maintain military, regulate commerce, & coin money
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| House of Representatives | Two year terms; number of representatives per state based on state's population
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| House of Representatives | Tax laws, power to impeach President, decide if gov. officials go to trial
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| House of Representatives | 435 members
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| Senate | 100 members
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| Senate | 6 year term
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| Senate | Power to remove official from office; hold trials for govt. officials
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| Senate | Confirm/disapprove treaties or Presidential appts.
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| Judicial Branch | Supreme Court
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| Supreme Court | Highest court in U.S.
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| Federal Court | Lower than Supreme Court; created in Congress
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| Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 | Gave judges appts. for life
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| Stare decisis | Courts should attempt to follow precedents set in previous cases
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| Unity | Federal governemnt can make decisions binding on all lower levels of govt.
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| Inefficiency | Designed so no level of govt. could become tyrannical
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| Administration | National govt. can hire experts/skilled admin.
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| Participation | Examples including voting in local, state, & national elections
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| National Power | Govt. excerpts power over states by direct orders, preemption of auth., & grants in aide
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| State Power | States have limited power over fed. govt.; can excercise power through lobbying
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| Fundamental Federalism | 1787-1860; the basic rules of federalism were established
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| Dual Federalism | 1853-1933; National & state govts. had distinct jurisdicitions & didn't intrude upon each other
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| Cooperative Federalism | 1933-1968; National govt. stepped in when states were unable to solve problems
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| Coercive Federalism | 1968-1990's; National govt. assumed so much power that state & local govts. were reduced to minor roles
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| Devolutionary Federalism | 1990's-Present; Govt. begun transferring auth. back to each state
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| Strength of U.S. 2 party system | Allows for greater representation of people
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| Weakness of U.S. 2 party system | Excludes any opinions outside of 2 parties
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| Magna Carta | Britain; 1215; Need royal assent for bill to become law
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| Declaration of Independence | Rally colonists against Britain; promised equality of men, right to be free & pursuit happiness
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| Articles of Confederation | 1777; Left too much power to states & not enough to govt.
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| Constitution | Framers challenged to write a form of govt. that would adhere to principles fought for in Revolutionary War
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| Bill of Rights | Citizens felt Constitution was not enough & insisted Bill of Rights be added before radification
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| 5th Amendment | Protection for person accused of crime
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| Grand Jury | Decides if there is enough evidence against accused
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| Double Jeopardy | No person can be charged again for a crime they have been found innocent for in a court of law
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| Testify | No person can be forced to testify against themselves
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| 14th Amendment | Life, liberty, & property protected on state level
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| Property | Can't be taken by govt. for good of people w/out compensation
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| No Person May Lose | Life, liberty, or property except by due process of law
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| Marbury v. Madison | 1803; Unconstitutional to force appointments
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| Dred Scott | 1857; Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
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| Plessy v. Ferguson | Challenged the Separate railroad car act of 1892; Court upheld act
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| Brown v. Board of Education | Court ruled separate but equal education unconstitutional
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| Roe v. Wade | 1973; Woman has right to terminate pregnancy
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| George Washington | 1st U.S. President; set precedent for future Presidents
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| Rosa Parks | Sparked Civil Rights movement by refusing to move to back of bus
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| Jackie Robinson | 1st Black Major League Baseball player in 1947
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| Susan B. Anthony | Paved the way for women's rights, led to 19th Amendment
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| Cesar Chavez | Founded the Farm Workers Assoc.; Organized migrant workers through CA in 1960's
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| Federalists | Represented educated property owners, supported Constitution, promised Bill of Rights
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| Anti-Federalists | Worried about a centralized govt. w/too much power, wanted to keep govt. local, Insisted on Bill of Rights
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| Article I | Legislative branch of govt.
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| Article II | Executive branch of govt.
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| Article III | Judicial branch of govt.
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| Article IV | Directions for states; laws, records, court decisions
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| Article V | Amending the Constitution
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| 1st Amendment | Five Freedoms: Speech, religion, press, assemble, peacefully protest
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| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms
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| 3rd Amendment | Quatering soldiers
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| 4th Amendment | Unreasonable search/seizure
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| 5th Amendment | Right to due process
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| 6th Amendment | Due process continued
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| 7th Amendment | Civil Law
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| 8th Amendment | Bail, fines, cruel punishment
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| 9th Amendment | Protection of unlisted rights
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| 10th Amendment | Power of states & people
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| 11th Amendment | Suits against the states
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| 12th Amendment | Electing Pres./VP
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| 13th Amendment | Slavery ended
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| 14th Amendment | Citizens rights in the states
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| 15th Amendment | Voting of African Americans
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| 16th Amendment | Income Tax
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| 17th Amendment | Election of Senators/6 Year Term
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| 18th Amendment | Prohibition of alcohol
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| 19th Amendment | Right to vote for women
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| 20th Amendment | Exec. & Legisl. Terms of office
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| 21st Amendment | Repeal of Prohibition
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| 22nd Amendment | President restricted to two-four year terms
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| 23rd Amendment | Right to vote in District of Columbia
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| 24th Amendment | Poll tax prohibited
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| 25th Amendment | Presidential succession
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| 26th Amendment | Voting age lowered to 18
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| 27th Amendment | Laws changing congressional compensation
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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