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IOC4 WGU
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| Olmecs | Gulf Coast |
| Pawnee | Nebraska/Platte River |
| Cherokee | Trail of Tears (Southeast, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, & Tennessee) |
| Mayans | Southern Mexico/Yucatan |
| Inca | Peru/Chile |
| Aztec | Mexico |
| Nez Perce | Idaho/Oregon |
| Christopher Columbus | Funded by Queen Isabella of Spain |
| Christopher Columbus | Sailed with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria |
| Christopher Columbus | Landed in San Salvador (mistaken for Indies) & explored Cuba |
| Hernan Cortez | Sailed from Cuba to Mexico |
| Hernan Cortez | Founded Vera Cruz & Conquered the Aztec Empire in 1591 |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Crossed Isthmus of Panama & Discovered Pacific Ocean |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Sailed on 3 year voyage around the world |
| Francisco Pizarro | Overtook the Inca in Peru/Established Lima & Peru |
| Hernando de Soto | Traveled from FL to Carolinas/moved westward to Mississippi River |
| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | traveled to KS (west of Grand Canyon) |
| Encomienda | Opression of Native Americans by the Spanish |
| Conquistidors | Soldiers who were granted trusteeship over indigenous people |
| Conquistidors | Also known as Encomienda; Seized land, increased taxes, and forced natives into slavery |
| Requerimeinto | Document threatening to enslave Native Amercians if Spanish demands were not meet |
| Black Legend | Description of Spaniards oppression of Native Americans |
| The Great Migration | Result of persecution of the Puritans in the 1630's |
| Toleration Act | Freedom of religion in Baltimore to anyone professing to believe in Jesus Christ |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided land between Spain & Portugal |
| Cabot | Explored East Coast of North America |
| Da Gama | Sailed around Africa to India |
| Da Gama | Opened first all water trade route between Europe & Asia |
| Verrzonno | First European to sight NY |
| Polo | Inspired Columbus with descriptions of the Far East |
| Jamestown | 1607; Chesapeake Bay, VA |
| Jamestown | John Smith lead colony; John Rofe married Pocahontas |
| Jamestown | Colony failed due to food shortages, Indian attacks, malaria, diseases, distractions caused by gold digging |
| William Bradford | First governor of the Puritan colony in Cape Cod |
| Roger Williams | Founder of Rhode Island in 1636 |
| William Penn | Founder of PA and the Quakers |
| New England | Puritan settlement including MA, RI, CT; Bay colony relying on fishing, whaling, fur trade. Boston was the major trading center. It was mercantile class dominated and ties with England diminished |
| Mid-Atlantic | VA, MD; Rural agricultural economy of tobacco & cotton; Slavery existed and exchange of goods with England was kept by upper class |
| Southern | NC, SC, GA; agricultural economy of rice, cotton, & tobacco; Slavery and cash crops were dominant; Charleston was a major port and strong ties with England ensued due to trading |
| Sugar Act | 1764; Great Britain taxed colonies on sugar, molasses, wine, and cloth |
| Stamp Act | 1765; Required an official stamp on all documents; John Adams "Pot is set to boil" |
| Tea Act | 1773; Allowed British East Indie tea co. to sell tea to colonies w/out paying tax; end result was Boston Tea Party |
| Declaratory Act | Asserted British governments right to impose taxes |
| Townsend Act | Duty tax, search, & seizure |
| Quartering Act | British soldiers were permitted to live in colonists homes for free |
| Boston Massacre | 6 colonists shot in Boston during fight between colonists & British troops |
| Trail of Tears | 1838; government forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave GA for OK; 4,000 casualities suffered enroute |
| Manifest Destiny | Belief that U.S. had a divine mission to expand & spread democracy & freedom |
| Louisana Purchase | Purchased for $15 million in 1803 by President Jefferson; the largest single addition to the U.S. |
| Annexation of Texas | 1845; securing of TX from Mexico |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | The U.S. acquired territories at the end of the Mexican War in 1848; now known as New Mexico, AZ, CA, & parts of CO, UT, & NV |
| Gadsden Purchase | U.S. purchase of what is now the southern border of AZ & NM from Mexico in 1853 |
| Alaska | 1867; Purchased for over $7 million largely because of William Seward |
| Hawaii | Annexation of the islands & added to U.S in 1898 w/support of President McKinley |
| North | Industrial economy; opposed slavery |
| South | Agricultural economy; supported slavery |
| Compromise of 1850 | Admitted CA a free state |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854; allowed new states to decide slavery; anti-slavery movement used KS as focal point to stop slavery |
| The movement | fueled by 1853 publication of Unlce Tom's Cabin. a portrayal of cruelties of slavery and rallying point for movement against it |
| Dred Scott Decision | Supreme Court ruled owners could take their private property (slaves) into free territory |
| John Brown | John Brown carried out raid on Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA; result was open rebellion |
| Anti-slavery movement | 1861; Northerners were not willing to compromise with Southerners & Southerners did not want any limits on slavery |
| Emancipation Proclamation | 1863; Lincoln published document after no compromise reached ending slavery in the rebelling states |
| Reconstruction | Attempt by abolitionist to revamp southern states to destroy any trace of slave culture |
| Post WWI | Economy of U.S. expanded at unprecedented rates |
| Buying on credit | Became commonplace after WWI; by 1929 more than $7 billion was owed to creditors |
| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Began in October, and by end of 1929, over $25 billion of investments had been lost |
| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Banks wereforced to close & Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff attempting to increase revenues |
| Franklin Roosevelt | 1932; New Deal proposing legislation to boost busniess & assist people; created FDIC; SSA of 1935 created safety net; beginning of federal government taking role in everyday economy |
| George Washington | "As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent" |
| James Madison | "It is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles" |
| Thomas Jefferson | Louisana Purchase; commissioned Lewis & Clarke |
| Abraham Lincoln | Civil War; ended slavery |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | New Deal; created reform programs |
| John F. Kennedy | Space program, civil rights, & Vietnam |
| Richard Nixon | Diplomatic opening w/China; Watergate |
| Dwight Eisenhower | General during WWII |
| Woodrow Wilson | President during WWII |
| Immigration | surged due to demand for labor; between 1866-1915 25 million foreigners came to U.S. |
| Steel | surged after 1865 driven by need for steam, oil, steel, & coal |
| Railroad | Transcontinental RR completed in 1869; beginning of development of cities reducing families living on farms |
| Unionization | Due to increased educated public, damand for better wages, working conditions, & job security |
| WWI | Began in 1914 in Europe the U.S. was determined to remain neutral; entered 3 years later as Russia on verge of revolution |
| WWII | Forced into war by Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; U.S. aided England & France; supplied half man power and 3/4 materials for invasion of Europe on D-Day in 1944 |
| Major U.S. events post WWII | Cold War ('45-'90); Korean War ('50-'53); Post-War Baby Boom; Civil Rights Movement; Vietnam War; Space Program/ Moon Landing ('61-'69); Fall of Soviet Union; & Rise of Terrorism |
| Relief Map | Maps show contour lines or shaded areas to indicate elevation |
| Climate Map | Use contour lines or shading to show long term conditions |
| Political Map | Use lines or colors to show boundaries, populations, & affiliations |
| Topographical Map | Uses lines & colors to show elevation & landform shapes to show 3D shapes in 2D. Lines close together show steep inclines; lines far apart show flat terrain |
| Physical Map | Use colors, lines, symbols, tints, & shading to show physical characteristics; oftenr show roads or other objects |
| Gerard Mercator | created 1st projection map in 16th century |
| Conic Projections | Created in 20th Century; superimposed a cone on globe |
| Equal-Area Projections | Maps today use equal-area projections with horizontal parallels. |
| Robinson | 1963; used by U.S. geographic service; National Geography society; shows features w/out interruption or little distortion |
| Characteristics of Ecosystems | Dynamic; interaction among living and non-living members; self-sustaining; biomes are mutually supportive |
| Tundra | cold temps; permafrost; no trees/tall plants; shrubby vegetations w/roots that don't penetrate subsoil; mosquitoes because of standing water |
| Tropical Forest | Variable rainfall; wet and dry seasons; high amounts of light; # of high tree species; unusually high # of species |
| Desert | Less than 30 cm of annual rainfall; aren't always hot, some cold at night, some cold year round; cacti-succulents; desert mice, snakes, nocturnal species |
| Grassland | Seasonal drought; periodic fires; grasses predominant vegetation; nutrients stored underground; birds, small rodents, grazing mammals (bison) |
| Savannah | Alternate rainy seasons with periods of drought; peridoic fires; perennial grasses, flowering trees, fire adapted; large herbivores (zebras), their predators (lions), predominant herbivores are insects (ants and termites) |
| Freshwater Biomes | less than 1% salt concentration; only cover a small area of Earth's surface; include swamps, ponds, & lakes |
| Marine Biomes | 3% salt concentration; ocean biomes are found throughout 75% of Earth's surface |
| Rivers | Moving water; oxygen content of water is generally high |
| Maya | Flourished in rain forest of southern Mexico until 900 A.D. when climate changed |
| Hohokam | Moved to present day AZ as climate became more arid; developed irrigation canals |
| Elevation | Earth grows colder at higher elevations; temps drop 3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 feet of altitude above sea level |
| Latitude | As Earth tilts and rotates, various areas receive more direct rays from sun |
| Deforestation | Destruction of large areas of forest due to clear cutting by humans |
| Global Warming | Use of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, & gasoline has increased levels of carbon dioxide in lower atmospher |
| Energy Development | Petrolrum production has negative impact by increaing human activity; hyrdroelectric projects alter terrain |
| Population Growth | As human population increases, farming, construction, mining, & energy development decrease |
| Political policies of U.S. | Dictated by presence or lack of natural resources |
| U.S. Demand for Petroleum | Dictated that the U.S. will be involved in mid-east countries to protect oil supply |
| Japan after WWI | Emerged after WWI as world power & industrial giant; did not have natural resources (iron ore, rubber, oil) |
| Consumption of Natural Resources | As demand increases, the ability to keep supply and cost down decreases |
| Russian crude oil supply | Russia has become major supplier of crude oil driving economy to growth and causing potential to over-expand |
| Demarcations of political units | Mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, deserts, swamps, & forests |
| Dictate political boundaries | Physical features, cultural areas, & geometric lines |
| Factors determining population growth | economic opportunity, political conditions, climate, natural resources, real estate, & pricing |
| Factors influencing how society develops | Climate, locations, natural boundaries, technology, & natural resources |
| Renewable Resources | Paper, glass, & aluminum |
| Non-Renewable Resources | Raw petroleum, iron, copper, & uranium |
| President | Commander/Chief |
| Vice President | Leader of Senate |
| Legislative Branch | Congress, House of Rep., & Senate |
| Congress | Declare war, maintain military, regulate commerce, & coin money |
| House of Representatives | Two year terms; number of representatives per state based on state's population |
| House of Representatives | Tax laws, power to impeach President, decide if gov. officials go to trial |
| House of Representatives | 435 members |
| Senate | 100 members |
| Senate | 6 year term |
| Senate | Power to remove official from office; hold trials for govt. officials |
| Senate | Confirm/disapprove treaties or Presidential appts. |
| Judicial Branch | Supreme Court |
| Supreme Court | Highest court in U.S. |
| Federal Court | Lower than Supreme Court; created in Congress |
| Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 | Gave judges appts. for life |
| Stare decisis | Courts should attempt to follow precedents set in previous cases |
| Unity | Federal governemnt can make decisions binding on all lower levels of govt. |
| Inefficiency | Designed so no level of govt. could become tyrannical |
| Administration | National govt. can hire experts/skilled admin. |
| Participation | Examples including voting in local, state, & national elections |
| National Power | Govt. excerpts power over states by direct orders, preemption of auth., & grants in aide |
| State Power | States have limited power over fed. govt.; can excercise power through lobbying |
| Fundamental Federalism | 1787-1860; the basic rules of federalism were established |
| Dual Federalism | 1853-1933; National & state govts. had distinct jurisdicitions & didn't intrude upon each other |
| Cooperative Federalism | 1933-1968; National govt. stepped in when states were unable to solve problems |
| Coercive Federalism | 1968-1990's; National govt. assumed so much power that state & local govts. were reduced to minor roles |
| Devolutionary Federalism | 1990's-Present; Govt. begun transferring auth. back to each state |
| Strength of U.S. 2 party system | Allows for greater representation of people |
| Weakness of U.S. 2 party system | Excludes any opinions outside of 2 parties |
| Magna Carta | Britain; 1215; Need royal assent for bill to become law |
| Declaration of Independence | Rally colonists against Britain; promised equality of men, right to be free & pursuit happiness |
| Articles of Confederation | 1777; Left too much power to states & not enough to govt. |
| Constitution | Framers challenged to write a form of govt. that would adhere to principles fought for in Revolutionary War |
| Bill of Rights | Citizens felt Constitution was not enough & insisted Bill of Rights be added before radification |
| 5th Amendment | Protection for person accused of crime |
| Grand Jury | Decides if there is enough evidence against accused |
| Double Jeopardy | No person can be charged again for a crime they have been found innocent for in a court of law |
| Testify | No person can be forced to testify against themselves |
| 14th Amendment | Life, liberty, & property protected on state level |
| Property | Can't be taken by govt. for good of people w/out compensation |
| No Person May Lose | Life, liberty, or property except by due process of law |
| Marbury v. Madison | 1803; Unconstitutional to force appointments |
| Dred Scott | 1857; Missouri Compromise unconstitutional |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Challenged the Separate railroad car act of 1892; Court upheld act |
| Brown v. Board of Education | Court ruled separate but equal education unconstitutional |
| Roe v. Wade | 1973; Woman has right to terminate pregnancy |
| George Washington | 1st U.S. President; set precedent for future Presidents |
| Rosa Parks | Sparked Civil Rights movement by refusing to move to back of bus |
| Jackie Robinson | 1st Black Major League Baseball player in 1947 |
| Susan B. Anthony | Paved the way for women's rights, led to 19th Amendment |
| Cesar Chavez | Founded the Farm Workers Assoc.; Organized migrant workers through CA in 1960's |
| Federalists | Represented educated property owners, supported Constitution, promised Bill of Rights |
| Anti-Federalists | Worried about a centralized govt. w/too much power, wanted to keep govt. local, Insisted on Bill of Rights |
| Article I | Legislative branch of govt. |
| Article II | Executive branch of govt. |
| Article III | Judicial branch of govt. |
| Article IV | Directions for states; laws, records, court decisions |
| Article V | Amending the Constitution |
| 1st Amendment | Five Freedoms: Speech, religion, press, assemble, peacefully protest |
| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms |
| 3rd Amendment | Quatering soldiers |
| 4th Amendment | Unreasonable search/seizure |
| 5th Amendment | Right to due process |
| 6th Amendment | Due process continued |
| 7th Amendment | Civil Law |
| 8th Amendment | Bail, fines, cruel punishment |
| 9th Amendment | Protection of unlisted rights |
| 10th Amendment | Power of states & people |
| 11th Amendment | Suits against the states |
| 12th Amendment | Electing Pres./VP |
| 13th Amendment | Slavery ended |
| 14th Amendment | Citizens rights in the states |
| 15th Amendment | Voting of African Americans |
| 16th Amendment | Income Tax |
| 17th Amendment | Election of Senators/6 Year Term |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibition of alcohol |
| 19th Amendment | Right to vote for women |
| 20th Amendment | Exec. & Legisl. Terms of office |
| 21st Amendment | Repeal of Prohibition |
| 22nd Amendment | President restricted to two-four year terms |
| 23rd Amendment | Right to vote in District of Columbia |
| 24th Amendment | Poll tax prohibited |
| 25th Amendment | Presidential succession |
| 26th Amendment | Voting age lowered to 18 |
| 27th Amendment | Laws changing congressional compensation |
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